The First Hundred Years

Nugroho Zikra Sadidan 03020322059

Rafi Purwanatha 03020322060
 Daniel Defoe
3

Aphra Behn, Richardson,

Hendry Fielding, Laurence
Strene, Tobias Smollet.
4

Table of content From Eliza Haywood to Mary

Shelley
5

Walter Scott and Jane Austen

10

SUMMARY
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 The Differences between the novels of the first hundred years (18th
and early 19th centuries) and those written before.

notable differences between the novels of the first hundred years (18th and early 19th
centuries) and those written before. These differences can be attributed to various factors,
including changes in societal norms, literary trends, and the evolution of the novel as a
genre.

Genre and Form: One significant difference is the rise of the novel as a dominant literary
form during the first hundred years. Before this period, prose fiction primarily took the
form of shorter works such as romances, epistolary novels, and picaresque tales. The novel,
as we understand it today, with its focus on character development, intricate plots, and
social commentary, began to emerge during the 18th century.

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 Introduction
The novel, as we understand it today, emerged
in the early 18th century, particularly in
England. While there were earlier prose
narratives and fictional works, the 18th century
marked a significant shift in the form and
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popularity of the novel by the publication of :
- Daniel Dafoe Robinson Crusoe (1719)
- Richardson’s Clarissa (1747-8)
- Henry Shielding Tom Jones (1749)
- Laurence Sterne Tristram Shandy (1759-
67)

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 Daniel Dafoe
• Defoe's plain style: Defoe's straightforward and businesslike style serves the purpose of
conveying a world of commerce and middle-class life. The novel's style always determines
its content, and Defoe's choice of style reflects the experiences of middle-class people who
had to work for a living.
• The emergence of the novel: The novel emerged in the early eighteenth century as a
reflection of the new kind of commercial society taking shape at that time. It served as a
mirror for the middle-class audience, allowing them to see their own lives reflected, albeit
with some exaggeration.
• Realism and secularism: Unlike the previous centuries, where people organized their lives
primarily around religion, the novels of the eighteenth century, including Robinson Crusoe,
tended to be realistic and secular. The name change of the protagonist from Kreutznaer
(which has religious connotations) to Crusoe suggests a move towards secular experience and
assessing the world in terms of class, social mobility, family, and possessions.
• Individualism and self-creation: The typical novel of this period often tells the story of an
individual striving to make their way in the world and rejecting the established order.
Crusoe's rejection of his father's secure life exemplifies this theme of individual
resourcefulness and material advance based on personal agency.
• Shifting relationship between humans and God: Robinson Crusoe appears at a time when
the balance of the relationship between human beings and God seems to be changing. Defoe
may be concerned about this shift and the potential loss of a religious dimension in life.

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 Aphra Behn, Richardson, Hendry Fielding, Laurence

Strene, Tobias Smollet .

Defoe's novels emerged alongside England's economic and social transformation, resulting in a
new mercantile culture. His novels, such as Robinson Crusoe, explored how the wealthy
organized their lives. This development helps explain why Defoe is considered the first English
novelist, but it's worth noting that novels existed before his time.

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 Aphra Bern

 Aphra Behn's novel "Oroonoko" is mentioned as a significant

work that has garnered attention in recent years.
 "Oroonoko" tells the story of Oroonoko, the grandson of an
African king, and his love for Imoinda.
 The novel explores themes of imperialism, slavery, and the
relationship between English and other races.

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 Samuel Richardson

• Samuel Richardson is mentioned as a

significant novelist after Defoe.
• His works include "Pamela" (1740),
"Clarissa" (1747-1748), and "Sir Charles
Grandison" (1753-1754).
• "Pamela" tells the story of a servant girl who
resists the advances of her employer and
eventually becomes his wife.
• Clarissa" is a more complex novel with
themes of sexual violence and the position of
women in society.

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 Henry Fielding

 Henry Fielding is described as a writer who

was prompted to start writing novels due to
his distaste for Richardson's "Pamela."
 His works include "Shamela" (1741) and
"Tom Jones" (1749).
 "Shamela" is a parody of "Pamela"
featuring a heroine who manipulates her
honor to secure a wealthy husband.
 "Tom Jones" follows the life of Tom, who
is found as a baby and later falls in love
with Sophia Weston.

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 Laurence Sterne

• Laurence Sterne's novel "Tristram Shandy" (1759-1767) is

mentioned.

• Tristram Shandy" is known for its unconventional narrative style

and disruption of linear storytelling.

• The novel dissects narrative conventions and explores the role of

the novel in constructing new ways of thinking.

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 Tobias Smollet

 Tobias Smollett's novels "Roderick Random" (1748) and

"Humphrey Clinker" (1771) are mentioned.
 "Roderick Random" follows the journey of a young man in
the harsh and brutal conditions of the eighteenth century.
 "Humphrey Clinker" adds an important dimension to
understanding the social and economic aspects of the
mercantile economy.

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 From Eliza to Marry shelley

The sentimental novels of the late

eighteenth century focus on the
cultivation of finer feelings, but they
simplify the moral stance and retreat
from the complexity of the social
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reality of the period.

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 From Eliza to Marry shelley

In the 18th century, domestic novels

focused on social manners, while
sentimental and Gothic novels delved
into moral complexities and
fantastical realms. These novels also
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indirectly tackled major issues of
their time, including the French
Revolution and oppressive regimes.

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 From Eliza to Marry shelley

Although 18th century novels may not directly engage with

real-world issues, some indirectly reflect substantial and real
issues. For example, the pattern of flight and pursuit in Gothic
fiction can be seen as reflecting the period of the French
Revolution. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) belongs to the
Romantic period and tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, Click icon to add picture
who creates a benevolent monster that is rejected by society
and turns to hatred. The novel can be seen as having two
realms: the public realm dominated by language and law and
the private realm of Frankenstein and his monster. This private
realm exists outside society and language and contains only
the monster and his creator.

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 From Eliza Haywood to Mary Shelley

18th Century is a contradictory century. Gross and physical

behaviour is unimaginable. Novels, such as those of Fielding,
Sterne, and Smollet, are full of coarse humour and brutality
that is found unexceptable. So in this century many literary
figure such as Eliza Haywood and Mary Shelley write a novel
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toward a domestic realism and a new code of manner. As in :

Eliza Haywood :
• The Fortunate Foundlings (1744)
• Life’s progress through the passion (1748)

Mary Shelley:
• Frankenstein (1818)

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 Walter Scott and Jane Austin
The Romantic period was characterized by dissenting voices, including
Mary Shelley's, but for a mainstream thread of the English novel in the
early 19th century, we turn to Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen.

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 Walter Scott and Jane Austen
Scott was a popular novelist of his time and began his career as a novelist in 1814 with Waverley. His novels
often deal with periods of transition, such as the shift from a masculine to a more restrained, feminized culture.
Such in :
• Waverley (1814)
• Rob Roy (1817)
• Ivanhoe (1819)
• Kenilworth (1821)
• The Fortunes of Nigel (1822)
• Quentin Durward (1823)
• Red gauntlet (1824)
• The Heart of Midlothian (1818)
• The Bride of Lammermoor (1819)

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 Walter Scott and Jane Austen
Jane Austen's novels depict relationships within the middle class, characterized by propriety and manners. Jane
Austen's novels depict relationships within the middle class, characterized by propriety and manners. Jane
Austen's novels depict relationships within the middle class, characterized by propriety and manners. Jane
Austen's novels are:
- Sense and Sensibility (1811)
- Pride and Prejudice (1813)
- Mansfield Park (1814)
- Emma (1815)
- Northanger Abbey (1817)
- Persuasion (1817)

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 Jane Austen and Walter Scott

JANE AUSTEN WALTER SCOTT

o While Jane Austen's novels may seem to be o Austen's novel Emma depicts a
social hierarchy that remains fixed,
focused on a with no movement up or down.
fixed and secure society, they are actually Austen defends the established social
dealing with a society on the brink of change, as order against a new wave of social
evidenced by the upcoming Industrial newcomers, but is also aware that
Revolution and imminent changes to England's this social enclave is in a time warp.
economic and class arrangements. Austen's
works feature families that will be greatly
affected by these changes.

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 Walter Scott and Jane Austen

• In Mansfield Park, Fanny Price is brought to live with the

Bertram family and is treated poorly by some of them. The
arrival of Henry and Mary Crawford from London leads to a
series of events that threaten the old way of life represented
by Mansfield Park. Despite Austen's use of irony, the forces
of change are too strong to be contained.

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 summary
The first hundred years of English literature, spanning from the early
18th century to the early 19th century, witnessed a vibrant and
transformative period in literary history. It saw the rise of influential
writers who explored a range of themes, styles, and genres, leaving a
lasting impact on the literary landscape. During this period, authors
like Mary Shelley and Eliza Haywood made significant contributions
to the development of the novel as a form of storytelling.

Overall, the first hundred years of English literature were

characterized by a rich diversity of voices and themes. It reflected
the evolving societal and cultural landscape of the time, grappling
with questions of morality, identity, societal norms, and the human
condition. The works produced during this period continue to be
studied, celebrated, and appreciated for their lasting contributions to
the literary canon.

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thank you