Topic 3:

LANDSCAPE PLANNING
(2 WEEKS)

Week 4
1. Concept and definition, Classification of landscape, Function of trees planting (9 point)
2. Landscape biology – native/indigenous and Introduce species, Plant habits and types, Plant care
requirements, Plant use/ Characteristics and palm characteristics
Week 5
3. Landscape selection (6 point)
4. Landscape elements and requirement

TPS254
RECREATION AND LANDSCAPE PLANNING
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 Topic 3.1:
Concept and definition

Chaniago, D., and Mohd Saufi Hj Abdullah (1981). Perancangan senitaman pokok
pinggiran jalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nan Yang Muda Sdn. Bhd. 2
1) What is Landscape?

It can refer to the visible

features of an area of land

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Why Landscape planning?

 An activity concern with reconciling

competing land uses while protecting
natural processes and significance cultural
and natural resources.

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Why reconciling
(menyelaras, penyesuaian, mendamaikan, membuat penyesuaian)

 Restore friendly relations between A and B

(settle a quarrel)
 Make or show to be compatible (A, B and C)
 Make someone accept (a disagreeable thing)
 Make consistent with another

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What if competing of land uses?
(Bertanding, bersaing dengan, bersaing secara, bersaing di)

 Strive to gain or win something by defeating

or establishing superiority over others

Protecting
environment
Development
(natural + cultural
resources)

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 Topic 3.2:
Classification of Landscape

Chaniago, D., and Mohd Saufi Hj Abdullah (1981). Perancangan senitaman pokok
pinggiran jalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nan Yang Muda Sdn. Bhd.

7
Classification of landscape:

HARD LANDSCAPE SOFT LANDSCAPE

 Human elements or  Physical features

Structure of park  Living elements
activities  Transitory elements

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Classification elements of Landscape
planning

1. Physical elements
2. Living elements
3. Human elements
4. Transitory elements

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Physical Element:
 Physical elements of land forms such as;
 Mountains and hill,
 water bodies such as river, lakes, pond, sea

 Aesthetic qualities; tranquility, peace,

coolness and beauty

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 New

mature

Lake ecology

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Living Element:
 Living elements of land cover including
indigenous vegetation

 indigenous vegetation refer to originating or

occurring naturally in a particular place
 native (pribumi) versus introduce

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Ismail Said. (2000). Landscape ecology. Skudai, UTM. 14
Human Element:
 Human elements including;
 different forms of land use,
 buildings and
 Structures

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Transitory element:
 Transitory elements such as;
 lighting and
 weather conditions

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Vegetation Classification

1. Forest
2. Woodland
3. Orchard or plantation
4. Brush
5. Fencerows
6. Wetland
7. Grassland
8. Field

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 Characteristics
 Forest –
▪ trees with average height greater than 15 ft with at least 60%
canopy cover
▪ Rare and endangered species; often ground plants associated
with certain forest types

 Woodland –
▪ trees with average height greater than 15 ft with 20-60%
canopy cover
▪ Rare and endangered species; often ground plants associated
with certain forest types
Marsh, W. M. (1998). Landscape planning: environmental applications. United States of America, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.340 18
 Orchard or plantation –
▪ same as woodland or forest but with regular spacing
▪ Species with potential in landscaping for proposed development

 Brush –
▪ trees and shrubs generally less than 15 ft high with high density
of stems, but variable canopy cover
▪ Species with potential in landscaping for proposed development

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 Fencerows –
▪ trees and shrubs of mixed forms along borders such as
road, fields, yards, playgrounds
▪ Species of value as animal habitat and utility in
screening

 Wetland –
▪ generally low, dense plant covers in wet areas
▪ Species and plant communities of special importance
ecologically and hydrologically; rare and endangered
species

Marsh, W. M. (1998). Landscape planning: environmental applications. United States

of America, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.340 20
 Grassland –
▪ herbs, with grasses dominant
▪ Species and communities of special ecologically
significance; rare and endangered species

 Field –
▪ tilled or recently tilled farmland
▪ Special and unique crops; exceptional levels of
productivity in standard crops

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 Topic 3.1 :
Function of trees planting

Chaniago, D., and Mohd Saufi Hj Abdullah (1981). Perancangan senitaman pokok
pinggiran jalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nan Yang Muda Sdn. Bhd. 22
 Function of landscape

1. Guiding elements (sebagai panduan arah dan

keselamatan)
2. Moderate air temperature (mengatur iklim lingkungan)
3. Direct air movement (memberikan udara bersih)
4. Prevent erosion (mengawal hakisan tanah)
5. Ecological balancing (keseimbangan ekologi)
6. Reduction of road noise (faktor pencegahan)
7. Provide rain shelter (penyerap air)
8. Habitat for wildlife (tempat hidupan dan binatang liar)
9. Beautification elements (untuk maksud pendidikan)

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Form of Trees Growth:

Trees produce silhouette (bayang) and lay out

(pertapakan)

 Vertical
 Horizontal
 Round (broad)
 Conical (agung)

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Vertical (Bentuk Tegak)

 Sifatnya tegak dengan tumbuh ‘lurus’.

 Ketinggian lebih besar ukurannya daripada paksi
mendatar.
 Keunggulan bentuk ini terletak pada ‘ketinggian’ .

 Contohnya Species Rhu, casuarina equisetifolia, Agathis

alba, fagrea fragrans, pinus merkusii

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Horizontal (Bentuk Mendatar)

 Ketinggian dan kelebarannya hampir sama

 Lazimnya kelebaran melebihi ketinggian dan menghasilkan
suasana romantik, selesa dan cantik
 Sesuai untuk ditanam pokok renek di bawahnya untuk
wujudkan keadaan natural.

 Contohnya flamboyant, pithecellobium dulce, peltheporum

pterocarpum, pterocarpus indicus

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Round or broad (Bentuk Bulat)

 Silhouette yang unggul, bulat membujur seperti telur.

 Silara yang lebar dan ukuran silara sama panjang dengan
ukuran ketinggian
 Menghasilkan udara sejuk dan bersih bertindak sebagai
‘penyaman udara’
 Bertindak mengurangkan penyejatan untuk mengatur iklim
lingkungan.

 Contohnya filicium decipiens, acacia cicinnata, mimusops

elengi
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Conical (Bentuk Agung)

 Keagungan terbentuk disebabkan oleh batangnya yang

lurus dan tumbuh tegak.
 Penanamannya akan menimbulkan ‘suasana keagungan’
dan ‘formal’ dengan cara susunan penanaman sama jarak.

 Contohnya roystonea regia, palma raya

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Size of trees:

Dalam perancangan senitaman penting untuk ketahui ‘besar silara’ dan

‘ketinggian’ tumbuhan untuk tentukan:

 Pokok besar:
 Ǿ ≥ 20 meter , height ≥ 20 meter

 Pokok sederhana:
 Ǿ ≥ 15 meter , height ≥ 20 meter

 Pokok kecil:
 Ǿ ≥ 10 meter , height ≥ 20 meter
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 Types of Plant species
Large trees: Medium: Small:
Ǿ ≥ 20 meter , height ≥ 20 Ǿ ≥ 15 meter , height ≥ 20 Ǿ ≥ 10 meter , height ≥ 20
meter meter meter

• Ocarpus indicus • Lagerstromia • Gliricidia sepium

• Swetenia mahogani • Adenanthera pavorina • Acacia cicinnata
• Enterolobium • Mimusops elengi • Salix babylonica
• Hymenaea courbaril • Spathodea campanulata • etc
• etc • Delonix regia
• etc

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 Topic 3.2:
Landscape biology
1. Native/ indigenous
2. Plant habits and types
3. Plant care requirements
4. Plant use/ Characteristics
5. Palm characteristic

Chaniago, D., and Mohd Saufi Hj Abdullah (1981). Perancangan senitaman pokok
pinggiran jalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nan Yang Muda Sdn. Bhd. 31
Native/ indigenous
 The origin of the plant refers to the natural
distribution range of the plant.
 In other words the plant has not been introduced
or brought in by any form of human intervention

Boo, C. M., Kartini Omar-Hor, and Ou-Yang Chow Lin (2006). 1001 garden plants in
Singapore. Singapore, NParks Publication.v111 32
Plant habits and types
The plants are arranged according to their growth habits or
types:

 Climbers
 Ferns & allies
 Shrubs
 Cycads
 Palms
 Trees

Boo, C. M., Kartini Omar-Hor, and Ou-Yang Chow Lin (2006). 1001
garden plants in Singapore. Singapore, NParks Publication. 33
Plant care requirements

 Requires lots of water

 Requires moderate water
 Requires little water
 Prefers full sun
 Prefers semi-shade
 Prefers shade
 Requires occasional spraying

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Plant use/ Characteristics

 Ornamental foliage  Aquatic plant

 Ornamental flowers  Bonsai
 Fragrant plant  Indoor plant
 Drought tolerant  Attract butterflies
 Seaside planting  Attracts birds
 Wayside tree/palm  Native species
 Edible (Fruits &  Herbs & spices
vegetables)

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Palm characteristics

 Fan-shaped
 Feather – shaped leaves
 Bipinnate leaves
 Simple leaves
 Single trunk
 Cluster
 No trunk

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 Topic 3.3:
Landscape selection

Chaniago, D., and Mohd Saufi Hj Abdullah (1981). Perancangan senitaman pokok pinggiran jalan di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Nan
Yang Muda Sdn. Bhd: 13
37
Important aspects to consider in
landscape selection
 Shade/ shelter (Keteduhan)
 Root and root system (Perakaran)
 Trunk / stem and branches (Batang dan dahan)
 Beauty (Keindahan)
 Safety (Keselamatan)
 Seasonal plants (Tanaman bermusim)
 Maintenance (Penyelenggaraan)

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Cont; Maintenance

 Watering (Menyiram)
 Pesticides (Penggunaan racun serangga dan racun kulat)
 Sod (Merumput)
 Animal attacks (Serangan binatang)
 Pruning (Memangkas)
 Stakings (Memancang)
 Fertilizer (Pembajaan)
 Replace and replanting (Pengantian & penanaman semula)
 Others (cleaning, beautify)

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 Topic 3.4
Principles of Landscape Design

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 Requirements for Landscape design

 Creating an attractive setting conducive to

relaxation and recreation

 Screening objectionable views and providing

privacy

Inskeep, E. (1991). Tourism planning: an integrated and sustainable development approach. Canada, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.322 41
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 Providing vegetative buffers to absorb
unpleasant sound, smells and dust

 Arranging plants to provide relief from

intense sun glare and rain, as well as to
reduce surface temperatures

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 Minimizing the effects of high winds,
particularly along coastal areas, yet still
allowing for the flow of gentle breezes

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 Organizing the plant material to complement
a landform, to enhance a building line or
facade, to gradually unfold an attractive vista
or to frame a major entrance area area. in
some cases, the plants themselves can be
used to provide focal points and major visual
features

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 Situating plants in strategic places where
they can be best appreciated. Many plants
are more attractive if planted in mass and
seen from a distance whereas others must be
seen at close range to be fully appreciated

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 Arranging and massing trees and shrubs,
particularly native flowering species, to
provide dramatic color and textural variation

 Introducing visitors to new species and

varieties of plants, especially from the local
area

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