Qualitative research Methods: Narrative,

Grounded theory, Phenomenology and

Case study

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 Narrative study

Narrative inquiry is the interdisciplinary study

of the activities involved in generating and
analyzing stories of life experiences (e.g., life
histories, narrative interviews, journals,
diaries, memoirs, autobiographies,
biographies) and reporting that kind of
research. (Schwandt, 2007, p. 204)

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 Narrative study
In this approach, the researchers describe the lives
of individuals, collect and tell stories about
people’s lives, and write narratives of individual
experiences. As a distinct form of qualitative
research, a narrative typically focuses on studying
a single person, gathering data through the
collection of stories, reporting individual
experiences, and discussing the meaning of those
experiences for the individual.

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 Narrative study

Narrative research focuses on studying

a single person and gathering data
through the collection of stories that are
used to construct a narrative about the
individual’s experience and the
meanings he/she attributes to them.
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 Narrative study
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of
approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or
visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically
focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own
stories.
Narrative researchers often “describe in detail the setting or
context in which the participant experiences the central
phenomenon” (Creswell, 2008). The setting may include the
participant’s workplace, home, social organization, or school.
It is the place where “a story physically occurs” (Creswell).
One popular setting or site for narrative inquiries in the field of
education is, of course, the school.
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 Narrative study

As a distinct form of qualitative research, a

narrative typically focuses on studying a
single person, gathering data through the
collection of stories, reporting individual
experiences, and discussing the meaning of
those experiences for the individual.

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 Case study

“A case study is an empirical study that

investigates a contemporary phenomenon in
depth and with its real-life context” (Yin, 2009,
p18)
Case is a bounded system, i.e. learning
situation/group = case
Cases are units of investigation individuals,
communities, groups (Henn et al)(A case can
be a group of students, a group of teachers, 1 2
 Case study
Case studies involve in-depth, contextual
analyses of matters relating to similar situations
in other organizations. We noted earlier that
case studies, as a problem-solving technique,
are not frequently resorted to in organizations
because finding the same type of problem in
another comparable setting is difficult due to
the reluctance of the companies to reveal their
problems.
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 Case study
case studies involve in-depth, contextual
analyses of matters relating to similar situations
in other organizations. We noted earlier that
case studies, as a problem-solving technique,
are not frequently resorted to in organizations
because finding the same type of problem in
another comparable setting is difficult due to
the reluctance of the companies to reveal their
problems.
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 Case study
Case studies that are qualitative in nature are,
however, useful in applying solutions to current
problems based on past problem-solving
experiences. They are also useful in
understanding certain phenomena, and
generating further theories for empirical testing.
Case studies are generally qualitative in nature
and are sometimes used as a tool in managerial
decision making.
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 Grounded Theory

Grounded theory (GT) is a systematic

methodology in the social sciences involving the
construction of theories through methodical
gathering and analysis of data. Grounded theory
is a research methodology which operates
inductively, in contrast to the hypothetico-
deductive approach

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 Grounded Theory

Grounded theory (GT) is a research

method concerned with the generation
of theory,1 which is 'grounded' in data that
has been systematically collected and
analysed.2 It is used to uncover such things
as social relationships and behaviours of
groups, known as social processes.3 It was
developed in California, USA by .
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 Grounded Theory

Grounded theory is a systematic set of

procedures to develop an inductively derived
theory from the data (Strauss & Corbin 1990).
Important tool of GT are theoretical sampling,
coding, and constant comparison.

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 Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a word derived from

phenomenon. Phenomenology is a Greek word
Phenomenon(an appearance) and logos (reason
or word, hence a “reasoned inquiry”). Thus
phenomenology is a method of philosophical
inquiry that lays stress on the impressions got by
reader. So the reader is the main figure to
determine the meanings of a given text.
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 Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a broad discipline and method
of inquiry in philosophy, developed largely by the
German philosophers Edmund Husserl and
Martin ...

Phenomenology is the study of human experience

and of the ways things present themselves to us in
and through such experience (Sokolowski 2000).
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 Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a broad discipline and method
of inquiry in philosophy, developed largely by the
German philosophers Edmund Husserl and
Martin ...

Phenomenology is the study of human experience

and of the ways things present themselves to us in
and through such experience (Sokolowski 2000).
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 Phenomenology

Phenomenological study describes the common

meaning for several individuals of their lived
experiences of a concept or a phenomenon.