COMPARATIVE

PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

Rashid Al Naqbi
 Q1: Describe the SD goal in the perspective of
the two countries.
• China may be shocking to some as a developing country despite its second-largest economy. With a GNI per capita
of $11,880 in 2021, it meets World Bank's criteria for developing nations. China acknowledges its status and
enjoys benefits like tariff rates and subsidies. They work towards goals like poverty alleviation, environmental
health, and food safety.
• China addresses climate change with low-carbon businesses, renewable energy, and sustainable cities. In 2018,
carbon dioxide pollution and energy intensity fell by 3.1% and 4.0% respectively. They also protect natural
resources, achieving pollution-free air, water, and soil.
• As the world's third-wealthiest nation by global GDP, Japan relies on the services industry and imports natural
resources. They aim to assist other countries in achieving sustainable cities and disaster preparedness. Japan's
Green Growth Strategy and a $15 billion Green Innovation Fund support projects like carbon recycling, battery
storage, and renewable energy sources.
 Q2: Recognize the importance of the SD goal
between the two countries.
• China aims to combat urban air pollution and strain on natural resources through sustainable cities. By
utilizing renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and reducing waste, they can reduce
pollution and improve quality of life. Sustainable communities contribute to climate change mitigation
by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and promoting stability.
• Japan not only strives to achieve sustainable cities but also sets an example for the world as a
sustainability leader. They established the "SDGs Promotion Headquarters" to oversee successful
implementation of SDG-related actions and foster cooperation among ministries. Japan faces
challenges like school closures, job losses, and demographic imbalance. They aim to protect cultural
and natural heritage, promote development planning, and establish linkages between urban and rural
areas to address these issues.
 Q3: Discuss how the political system of the
two countries adopts the SD goal.
• In response to concerns about pollution, the Chinese government formed agencies like the
NDRC and the MEP to create and enforce laws for environmental protection and sustainable
development. This demonstrates their commitment to balancing economic growth with a
healthier, greener future.
• In Japan, the government addressed public concerns by explaining the balance between
waste reduction and economic growth. They prioritize the SDGs and have enacted laws to
support sustainable development, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26% below
2013 levels by 2030. Collaboration with non-governmental organizations and social groups
is crucial in achieving these goals.
 Q4: Q5: Classify the effect SD goal between
the countries in terms of globalization.
Building sustainable cities and communities may require significant investment, but it yields positive returns in both
countries through globalization.
• Japan's dedication to sustainable development positions it as a role model. Sustainable cities offer a high standard
of living, lower crime rates, and resilience against disasters, ensuring the safety of individuals and their
belongings. This attracts people and boosts the economy through increased tourism, foreign investments, currency
growth, and job opportunities.
• In China, achieving sustainable cities and communities plays a vital role in their globalization efforts. It transforms
the country's image from being a major polluter to one committed to sustainability and improving citizens' quality
of life. Foreign investors are more likely to see China as a profitable destination, leading to reduced healthcare
costs, access to new talent and ideas, improved local infrastructure, and increased export performance.
 Q6: Examine the bureaucratic role of the government
between the two countries in adopting the SD goal.
• China's sustainable cities and communities are supported by local governments and key
agencies like the NDRC, MOHURD, and MEP. These entities promote conservation,
renewable energy, sustainable urban development, and environmental protection.
• Similarly, Japan has established bureaucratic agencies like MLIT, MOE, and METI to
popularize sustainability, provide technical and financial support to companies and local
governments, and handle infrastructure development, environmental policies, and economic
growth.
These governmental efforts contribute to the advancement of sustainable practices and the
achievement of environmental and economic goals in both countries.
 Q7: Compare between the two countries on how its
legislative branch of the government formulate the law in
relation to the adopted SD goal.
• China recognized the urgent need for action to address the devastating health impacts of air pollution, leading the government
to formulate laws supporting sustainable cities and communities. These laws aim to protect public health, preserve the
environment, and promote ecological civilization. Notably, the 2015 law allows recognized companies to file lawsuits against
organizations harming the environment. China also emphasizes integrated urban and rural planning through the Law of Urban
Planning.
• Japan, on the other hand, has been proactive in formulating laws to support sustainable practices. The Sound Material-Cycle
Society Basic Law, implemented in 2000, encourages the creation of a healthy society with reduced waste and resource
consumption. The Energy-Saving Buildings law (2010) mandates the construction of energy-efficient buildings, incorporating
clean energy sources like solar panels.
While Japan's laws have been in place for a longer period and are more specialized, China excels in legislation concerning the
balance between rural and urban areas to preserve heritage. However, both countries demonstrate their commitment to achieving
the 16 sustainable development goals through their respective legal frameworks.
 Q8: Distinguish in the global context the
impact of the SD goal of the two countries.
• Building sustainable cities and communities in China not only transforms its image and
attracts investments but also ensures the preservation of resources for the future. The "New
Urbanization" plan launched in 2016 has already yielded positive results, such as improving
public transportation and creating more green spaces.
• However, Japan takes the lead in promoting global sustainability through initiatives,
policies, and technological advancements. They have demonstrated their commitment to
sustainability with achievements like hosting the 2020 Olympic Games powered by
renewable energy. Programs like the Green Growth Strategy and Cool Japan further
emphasize their dedication to sustainable practices and systems.
 Q9: Appraise briefly the executive branch of the
government between the two countries in choosing the SD
goal.
• China's executive branch promotes sustainable development through innovative measures like the "Ant Forest"
app, rewarding users with "green energy points" for reducing emissions. This initiative has resulted in the
planting of 122 million trees and a reduction of 7.92 million tons of CO2. Additionally, regulations have been
implemented to protect natural environments and limit the construction of coal-fired power stations. However,
further efforts and support are needed to ensure compliance and secure funding.
• In Japan, the government takes significant steps towards sustainability. They have mandated the installation of
solar panels in all upcoming buildings and homes in Tokyo by April 2025. The Address platform rejuvenates
abandoned rural households, creating attractive living spaces outside urban areas. To address population
imbalances, families are incentivized to relocate from cities through financial assistance. Furthermore, Japan
has implemented a carbon tax on fossil fuel traders as part of its green transformation program.
 Q10: Assess how the legislative branch of the government between
the two countries implements the law in relation to the adopted SD
goal.
• China established dedicated ministries, such as the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Water Resource Ministry,
to enforce sustainability laws and provide technical assistance for pollution reduction. Laws like the Prevention and
Control of Solid Waste Pollution Act and the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air and Water Pollution have been
implemented to regulate waste management and control pollution of air and water.
• In Japan, various programs and strategies have been introduced to achieve sustainable development. The "Green Vehicle
Program" supports fuel-efficient vehicles through funding, while significant financial support of $220 billion has been
allocated to environmental protection and energy conservation. Specialized committees, such as the Committee on Science,
Technology, and Education, Environmental, and Resource Protection, ensure the implementation of regulations and
policies for sustainable development. Initiatives like the "Green Transformation Initiative" and the "Green Growth
Strategy" outline Japan's path towards achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, promoting renewable energy sources,
considering nuclear power, and implementing a carbon pricing system. The development of sustainable and smart cities
powered by ICT, exemplified by Toyota City, is also prioritized.
 Q11: Evaluate the challenges between the two countries
government in implementing the law in relation to the adopted SD
goal.
• China faces challenges in transitioning from a fossil fuel-reliant economy and coal-dominated energy structure.
Convincing some individuals to adopt sustainable practices is difficult, particularly those dependent on unsustainable
industries for income. Job security and fear of poverty hinder efforts to make industries sustainable. With a large
population of 1.41 billion, China must balance resource preservation with the need for sustainable cities and homes.

• The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted China's progress in building sustainable cities and communities. Recession
and worker quarantine measures have slowed down construction activities, diverting government attention and
resources to combating the pandemic.

• In Japan, urban migration from villages and a declining birth rate pose challenges to building sustainable
communities in cities. The need to accommodate a large population makes it difficult to achieve sustainability
targets. Pressure to stimulate economic growth adds mental stress to employees and companies, impacting
productivity and leading to concerns such as increased suicide rates and a shrinking labor force.
 Q12: Conclude on how the two countries government can
globally project the success of their SD goal.

• Raising public awareness and education on sustainability is crucial for achieving Goal 16 and improving
citizens' lives. Starting with schools can instill sustainable values in the upcoming generation. Imposing fines
on polluters, both businesses and individuals, can enforce stricter adherence to sustainability goals. Reducing
car usage and promoting affordable public transportation can curb emissions and traffic congestion. Investing
in renewable energy technology is essential for sustainable economic growth on a global scale.
• Japan's expertise in energy efficiency and sustainability can be utilized to assist less developed countries in
building sustainable cities and reducing carbon emissions. Providing financial support for families to relocate
from cities and incentivizing businesses with tax breaks and funding can protect cultural heritage and promote
urban development. Investment in the hydrogen industry is crucial for diversifying energy sources and
achieving sustainable, greenhouse gas-free energy in Japan.
 Q13: Justify between the two countries the legal
aspect of their SD goal.
• China has implemented several effective laws to promote sustainability. The Energy
Conservation Law encourages enterprises to reduce energy usage and adopt
environmentally friendly technologies. The 2008 Urban Rail Transit Law supports
the development of public transportation systems in cities with over 1 million
residents.
• Notable examples of sustainable cities and communities in China include Guangzhou
Knowledge City, which emphasizes sustainable technology and innovation, and the
carbon-neutral "eco-cities" in Wuxi, developed through a partnership with Sweden.
• In Japan, the government and businesses have collaborated on various
applications aligned with Goal 16. The Building Standard Act ensures
energy-saving features in new constructions, while the Measures for the
Creation of a Sustainable Society Act provides funding for projects
contributing to sustainable development.
• Collaborative efforts such as the Japan Sustainable Cities and Communities
alliance, featuring initiatives like Yokohama's zero-carbon city and Osaka
Smart City, showcase Japan's commitment to sustainability. Additionally,
the Green Building Council supports the construction of green buildings.
THANK YOU!