ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICITY

SOURCES OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ELECTRICAL TERMS
Prepared by Norene Villegas
An Introduction to
electricity

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 ● Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of
electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, which
has a center called a nucleus.

● Atom=Nucleus + Electrons
where nucleus = protons + neutrons

● The number of electron is equal to the number of

proton

● And when electrons are "lost" from an atom, the

An Introduction to free movement of these electrons constitutes an
electricity electric current.

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 ● Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one
of our most widely used forms of energy.

● is a very convenient form of energy and is now

the preferred form of energy used by people,
homes, business, cities, and industry.

● Many cities and towns were built alongside

waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical
energy) that turned water wheels to perform
work. And before electricity generation began
Humans and slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with
electricity kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes,
and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or
coal-burning stoves.

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SOURCES OF
ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
1.Solar Energy

Solar power harvests the energy of the sun

through using collector panels to create
conditions that can then be turned into a
kind of power.

Large solar panel fields are often used in

desert to gather enough power to charge
small substations, and many homes use
solar systems to provide for hot water,
cooling and supplement their electricity.

The issue with solar is that while there is

plentiful amounts of sun available, only
certain geographical ranges of the world get
enough of the direct power of the sun for
long enough to generate usable power from
this source.
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2. Wind Energy

Wind power is becoming more and more

common. The new innovations that are
allowing wind farms to appear are making
them a more common sight.

By using large turbines to take available

wind as the power to turn, the turbine can
then turn a generator to produce electricity.

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3. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the energy that is

produced from beneath the earth.

It is clean, sustainable and environment

friendly. High temperatures are produced
continuously inside the earth’s crust by the
slow delay of radioactive particles. Hot rocks
present below the earth heats up the water
that produces steam.

The steam is then captured that helps to

move turbines. The rotating turbines then
power the generators.

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3. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy can be used by a

residential unit or on a large scale by a
industrial application. It was used during
ancient times for bathing and space heating.

The biggest disadvantage with geothermal

energy is that it can only be produced at
selected sites throughout the world. The
largest group of geothermal power plants in
the world is located at The Geysers, a
geothermal field in California, United States.

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4. Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen fuel is a zero emission fuel

when burned with oxygen. It can be used in
fuel cells or internal combustion engines to
power electric vehicles or electric devices.

Hydrogen is available with water(H2O) and

is most common element available on earth.
Water contains two-thirds of hydrogen and
can be found in combination with other
elements. Once it is separated, it can be
used as a fuel for generating electricity.

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5. Tidal Energy

Tidal energy uses rise and fall of tides to

convert kinetic energy of incoming and
outgoing tides into electrical energy.

The generation of energy through tidal

power is mostly prevalent in coastal areas.
Huge investment and limited availability of
sites are few of the drawbacks of tidal
energy.

When there is increased height of water

levels in the ocean, tides are produced
which rush back and forth in the ocean.
Tidal energy is one of the renewable source
of energy and produce large energy even
when the tides are at low speed.

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6. Wave Energy
Wave energy (or wave power) is the
transport and capture of energy by ocean
surface waves. The energy captured is
then used for all different kinds of useful
work, including electricity generation, water
desalination, and pumping of water.

Wave energy is renewable,

environment friendly and causes no harm to
atmosphere. It can be harnessed along
coastal regions of many countries and can
help a country to reduce its dependency on
foreign countries for fuel. Producing wave
energy can damage marine ecosystem and
can also be a source of disturbance to
private and commercial vessels. It is highly
dependent on wavelength and can also be a
source of visual and noise pollution.
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7. Hydroelectric Energy

Hydroelectric energy, also called

hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a
form of energy that harnesses the power of
water in motion—such as water flowing over
a waterfall—to generate electricity.

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8. Biomass Energy

Biomass is organic material that comes from

plants and animals, and it is a renewable
source of energy.

Biomass contains stored energy from the

sun. Plants absorb the sun's energy in a
process called photosynthesis. When
biomass is burned, the chemical energy in
biomass is released as heat. Biomass can be
burned directly or converted to liquid
biofuels or biogas that can be burned as
fuels.

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8. Biomass Energy
Examples of biomass and their uses for energy
● Wood and wood processing wastes—burned
to heat buildings, to produce process heat in
industry, and to generate electricity
● Agricultural crops and waste materials—
burned as a fuel or converted to liquid
biofuels
● Food, yard, and wood waste in garbage—
burned to generate electricity in power
plants or converted to biogas in landfills
● Animal manure and human sewage—
converted to biogas, which can be burned as
a fuel

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9. Nuclear Energy
● Nuclear energy comes from splitting atoms
in a reactor to heat water into steam, turn a
turbine and generate electricity.

● One of the major renewable sources of

energy available to the world. The energy is
created through a specific nuclear reaction,
which is then collected and used to power
generators. While almost every country has
nuclear generators, there are moratoriums
on their use or construction as scientists try
to resolve safety and disposal
issues for waste.

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10. Fossil fuels
(coal, oil and natural gas)

Fossil fuels are sources of energy that formed

from the accumulated remains of living
organisms that were buried millions of years
ago. Pressure, heat and time allow the organic
matter to transform into one of the three
major types of fossil fuels, which are coal, oil
and natural gas.

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Types of Energy

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Types of Energy
● Renewable Sources of Energy

● Non-renewable Sources of Energy

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Renewable source of energy

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Renewable source of energy

● Renewable sources of energy can be used

over and over again.

● Renewable resources include solar energy,

wind, geothermal energy, biomass and
hydropower.

● They generate much less pollution, both in

gathering and production, than nonrenewable
sources.

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Renewable source of energy

● Renewable sources of energy can be used

over and over again.

● Renewable resources include solar energy,

wind, geothermal energy, biomass and
hydropower.

● They generate much less pollution, both in

gathering and production, than nonrenewable
sources.

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Non-Renewable source of energy

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Non-Renewable source of energy
● Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas and
petroleum. Uranium is another nonrenewable source, but it is not a fossil fuel.
Uranium is converted to a fuel and used in nuclear power plants. Once these natural
resources are used up, they are gone forever.

● The process of gathering these fuels can be harmful to the biomes from which they
come. Fossil fuels are put through a process called combustion in order to produce
energy. Combustion releases pollution, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide,
which may contribute to acid rain and global warming.

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DEFINITION OF
ELECTRICAL TERMS
Electrical terms
Alternating Current – Flow of electrical current that reverses direction in a circuit.

Amperage – The amount of electrical charge that passes through a circuit.

Breaker – Automatic switching device that disconnects power to a circuit when the current exceeds
a certain level. It clips on to one or two live busbars in a panel box and passes to the circuit wire(s)
attached to it.

Busbar – Piece of rigid metal within a panel or fusebox that distributes electricity to various circuits.

Cable – A set of wires usually encased in a protective sheath.

Circuit – Intended path of current between points of differing voltage; each loop that a current
makes (through a light, for instance) is a circuit.

Current – Movement of electricity in a wire or other conductor, measured in amps.

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Electrical terms
Device – An item that doesn’t consume significant electricity itself, but interrupts or passes it on
(such as a switch or receptacle).

Dimmer – A switch to dim lights by altering voltage.

Direct Current – Electrons moving in the same direction along a conductor.

Energy – Amount of power consumed or produced during a certain amount of time.

Fixture – A non-portable electrically-produced light assembly.

Fuse – A safety device that interrupts current to its circuit by melting when there is an overload.

Fusebox – Similar to a panel, it’s a main source of the circuits in a home.

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Electrical terms
Generator – A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

GFI or GFCI – Stands for ground-fault interrupter or ground-fault circuit interrupter. It’s a device
that prevents electrocution by sensing the difference in the amount of electricity flowing in and out
and trips the circuit before causing a fire or injuries.

Ground – It refers to a connectedness to the earth. The ground wire carries a large flow that will
then cause the breaker or circuit to trip.

Junction Box – A box for making connections.

Neutral – The wires of a circuit that carry current back from a light or appliance.

Open or Open Circuit – Occurs when a circuit is broken by a broken wire or open switch that
interrupts the flow of current through the circuit.

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Electrical terms
Outlet – Any point along a circuit where a light or appliance receives its final connections to the hot
and neutral of the circuit. It could be a receptacle for a cord to plug into (such as a lamp) or a box
where an item using the electricity is wired (such as a ceiling fan).

Overload – When the normal operation of a circuit has carried too much flow so the wires get too
hot and unsafe so the breaker will trip.

Panel – The panel or breaker box is the large metal box containing breakers for circuits. The main
or service panel is the central source of power for the home coming from the power company.

Receptacle – Serves as the outlet for lights or appliances to connect to a circuit by a cord with a
plug on the end (such as a lamp).

Relay – Coil switch that uses a small current to control a larger current.

Short or Short Circuit – When one part of a circuit comes in contact with another part of the
same circuit, redirecting the flow of current from its intended path.

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Electrical terms
Socket – The part of a light fixture that receives the bulb.

Switch – Device that opens or closes electrical pathways in a circuit (such as turning off a light).

Three-Way Switch – A system where lights are controllable from more than one location by two
or more switches (such as a switch at the top and bottom of the stairs that control the same light).

Volt – Unit of electrical pressure that causes current to flow in a circuit.

Voltage – Force generated to cause flow in a circuit.

Watt – Unit of measure indicating electrical power applied in a circuit.

Wattage – Rate of electricity energy used by lights or appliances; or the maximum watts the
device is designed to deliver or control.

Wire – The bendable metal for carrying electric current.

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Thank
You
REFERENCE:
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/different-e
nergy-sources.php

https://www.electricityforum.com/source-electricity.h
tml

https://learnelectricity.ausgrid.com.au/Common/For
-Students-in-Years-7-and-8/Sources-of-electrical-en
ergy