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through all the modules.
Now, it’s time for an
end-of-course assessment!
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES
• You will be assessed on 12 questions
that cover topics from the entire course.
• You need to score a minimum of 75% to
complete the course.
• On successfully passing the assessment,
you will be awarded a Completion Certificate
from WHO.
• You can attempt the assessment any number
of times.
• To download your certificate, navigate to the
“Certificates” tab on the course navigation toolbar
and then click the “Download” button. If the button is
not activated, this means that you have not yet met
the requirements to be eligible for the certificate.
1. Which actions combine to form a coherent set of integrated actions according to WHO definition of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS)?

 Responsible and appropriate use of antimicrobials

 Access to affordable and quality-assured antimicrobials
 Implementation of core components of infection prevention and control (IPC), enhancing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and
optimising vaccination coverage
 All of the above
 
 
2. The establishment and maintenance of a central national coordination unit for AMR should:
 
 Be sustainable with adequate funding and technically competent human resources and accountability mechanisms
 Help establish a specific national AMS coordinating mechanism that includes representatives of relevant national programmes and
departments, the private sector and professional societies
 Facilitate the establishment and functionality of the AMS coordinating mechanism at sub national and district levels depending on the
local context and needs
 All of the above
 
 
3. The overall goals of the efforts related to the development of national treatment and stewardship guidelines, standards and implementation
tools are:
 The design of advanced, non-scalable and non-context adapted standard diagnosis and treatment guidelines for infections and
infectious diseases
 To reduce the unnecessary use of antimicrobials including the inappropriate use of watch group and reserve group antibiotics and to
increase the use of access antibiotics from the AWaRe classification, where appropriate

 Advocate and coordinate the availability of expensive and inappropriate microbiological diagnostics for a non-optimised diagnosis
 None of the above
4. Which of the following statement (s) is/are correct about access to essential, quality-assured, safe, effective, and affordable antimicrobials?
 
 Ensuring access to needed antimicrobials is one important way to preserve antimicrobials
 The EML and AwaRe Classification allow the development and/or update of the national and relevant efforts that will ensure availability
of affordable and culturally acceptable antimicrobial medicines at all levels of care
 National diagnosis and treatment guidelines for infections and infectious diseases can inform the prioritization of antimicrobial
medicines that require access and affordability
 All of the above

5. For the legislation and regulation of responsible and appropriate use and disposal of antimicrobials, actions should include:

 Enact and enforce regulations to restrict over the counter and online sale of antimicrobials
 The development of efficient regulatory systems to provide oversight exclusively at the late stage of antimicrobial life cycle
 Removing regulatory requirements for prescribers, dispensers and advertisers
 Disinvestment in post-market surveillance and pharmacovigilance systems
 
 
6. In order to strength health worker capacity, educational interventions should be:

 Sustainable, timely, cost effective

 Efficient, pragmatic
 High quality, relevant
 All of the above
 
7. Select the statement(s) that is/are correct about water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and safe waste management.
 They complement AMS activities by reducing the incidence of infection
 They help by reducing release of excreted resistant genes, antimicrobial compounds and their metabolites carried in untreated
wastewater into the environment
 Globally one million cases of diarrhea are treated each year with antibiotics.
 Safe WASH in communities can prevent infection and reduce antibiotic use
 
8. Which of the following conditions is related to good IPC practices in communities and health-care facilities?
 
 Increase incidence of healthcare associated infections
 Increase use of antimicrobials
 Increase transmission of drug-resistant infections
 Improve quality of care and reduce the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant infections
 
 
9. Which of the following is true about antimicrobial consumption data?
 
 It indicates actual antimicrobial use at patient level
 It provides information on the patients who are receiving the medicines or why the antimicrobials are being used.
 The estimates are derived from aggregated data sources such as import or wholesaler data
 All of the above
10. It is important to establish a national monitoring and evaluation framework for integrated AMS activities. What is/are the purpose(s) of
conducting regular monitoring and evaluation of AMS activities?
 To assess the quality, effectiveness, coverage, and delivery of integrated AMS activities
 To make necessary adjustments following a continuing quality improvement cycle
 To promote a learning culture within and across the programmes
 All of the above
 
11. Which of the following is/are important consideration(s) in the implementation of AMS activities?
 AMS activities are best implemented in an integrated manner
 The implementation of AMS activities is influenced by multiple factors
 The central coordination unit should take the lead in involving stakeholders in the development of a national policy and strategy
 All of the above
 
12. Which of the following is correct about the WHO Periodic National AMS Assessment Tool? Select all that apply.
 It helps countries to identify their AMS preparedness and develop a stepwise implementation plan
 The tool is intended for national and subnational health-care authorities
 The tool may be used as an annual/quarterly activity or integrated into existing review of the national AMR response
 All of the above