Review: T test vs.

ANOVA
When do you use T-test ?
Compare two groups
Test the null hypothesis that two populations has the
same average.
When do you use One-way ANOVA?
Compare more than two groups
Test the null hypothesis that two populations
among several numbers of populations has the same
average.
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.
1. The Ware County librarian wants to increase circulation from
the Ware County bookmobiles. The librarian thinks that
poster ads in areas where the bookmobiles stop will attract
more browsers and increase circulation. To test this idea, the
librarian sets up an experiment. Ten bookmobile routes are
selected at random; on those routes, poster ads are posted
with bookmobile information. Ten other bookmobile routes
are randomly selected; on those routes, no advertising is
done. After a week-long experiment, the number of books
checked out from the twenty bookmobile routes is presented
to the librarian. The librarian wants to know if the ads made
any differences in the number of books checked out.
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.

2. The city manager of Stone Creek, South Dakota,

wants to determine if her new personnel
procedures are decreasing the time it takes to hire
an employee. She takes a sample of 10 city
bureaus and calculates the average time to hire an
employee in days before and after the new
procedure. The city manager wants to know if the
new personnel procedures made an impact on the
time it takes to hire an employee.
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.
3. The police chief wants to know whether the city’s
African-Americans feel that the police are doing a
good job. In comparison to whites’ evaluations, this
information will tell the police if they have a
community relations problem in the African-
American community. A survey was conducted
asking both African-Americans and whites in the
community to rate the extent to which they feel the
police is doing a good job. ( 5 point likert scale
rating. 1= Not doing a good job at all, 5= Doing a
very good job.)
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.
4. A professor thinks that the MPA students at Portland
State University spend more time studying than
students at University of Portland, and Oregon State
University. One hundred students in MPA program
at each university are selected and asked to log
their studying time during the first week of
November. A total number of hours students spent
studying during the first week of November is
reported back to the professor. The professor
wants to determine if PSU students spent more time
studying than other two universities.
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.

5. Morgan City uses four types of cars for the city

automotive fleet: Honda Accord, Subaru Legacy,
Volkswagen Passat, and Chevy Suburban. A City
Maintenance Chief wants to compare the
maintenance cost by car types to find out if he can
cut back the maintenance cost by selecting one
type that has the least maintenance cost.
Maintenance cost for all city cars is reported to the
Maintenance Chief.
What kind of statistical test would you use for the following
situations? And why?
Identify independent variable(s) and a dependent variable.
6. The Beaver Dam Job Placement Center wants to evaluate the
quality of its program. One hundred and fifty unemployed
individuals are selected at random. Fifty of them (randomly
selected) went through the Beaver Dam Job Placement
Center’s program. Another fifty of them (randomly selected)
took a job placement workshop offered through Beaver Dam
Community College. The rest of them did not take any job
placement program. Six months later the income of those 150
individuals were surveyed in order to determine the
effectiveness of the Beaver Dam Job Placement Center’s
program.
 Review: Levene’s Test
Homogeneity Test
Tests the null hypothesis that the
variance of the dependent variable is
equal across groups.
If the result of the Levene’s Test is
significant, what does that mean?
 Review: Levene’s Test
When the result of the Levene’s Test is significant
(p <. 05):
T-test: “Equal variances not assumed”
ANOVA: Technically speaking, it violates the
assumption of ANOVA, and therefore, ANOVA
should not be used.
(Though the post-hoc test using Dunnet’s C gives you
the multiple comparisons of two groups adjusting for
the significant differences in variance).
 Factorial ANOVA
T-test and One way ANOVA
1 independent variable (e.g. Gender), 1
dependent variable (e.g. Test score)

Two-way ANOVA (Factorial ANOVA)

2 (or more) independent variables (e.g.
Gender and Academic Standing), 1
dependent variable (e.g. Test score)
 Main Effects and
Interaction Effects
Main Effects
The effects for each independent variable on the dependent variable.
Differences between the group means for each independent variable
on the dependent variable.

Interaction Effect
When the relationship between the dependent variable and one
independent variable differs according to the level of a second
independent variable.
When the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable
differs at various levels of second independent variable.
Main Effects and Interaction Effects
(See Handout)
 SPSS Demo
Open “carpet.sav”
“Analyze”
“General Linear Model”
“univariate”
Select a “dependent variable”
Select independent variables and put it in the “Fixed Factor” box.
“plots”
move the fixed factors to “horizontal” and “veritical” axes box.
Click “Add”.
 SPSS Demo
Click “options”
Select the two independent variables and
move to “Display means for” box.

Click “Descriptive statistics”

Click “Continue” then “OK”
 Interpretation of the result
ANOVA table = Test of between subject effects
Main effects? Significant? What’s the F
statistic? df?
Interaction effect? Significant? What’s the F
statistic? df?

What does that mean in relation to the question

you are asking?
Write up your result. (Handout)
 Chi-Square  2 statistics
Testing if two groups are the same.
Comparing 2 groups when the dependent
variable is categorical.

Remember: T test is to compare 2 groups

when the dependent variable is continuous.
 Chi-Square  2 statistics
If two variables are statistically independent, they
are not related at all. (Knowing how a person is
categorized on one variable provides absolutely no
hint as to how they might be categorized on the
other. )

If two variables are statistically dependent,

knowing a person’s status on one variable is
useful in predicting their status on the other.
 Hypothesis
Test of statistical independence  

Null Hypothesis: the two variables are

independent.

Alternative Hypothesis: the two variables

are dependent.
 Contingency Table

Females Males Total

Democrats 50 70 120

Republicans 19 41 60

Total 69 111 180

 Chi-square: Formula
The formula for computing chi-square: Gauges how
closely our observed frequencies in each cell of the
table are matched to the expected frequencies.

Oi stands for the observed frequency in one cell.

Ei stands for the expected frequency of that cell.
As you can see in the formula, we compute chi-
square by summing up the differences between the
observed and the expected frequency for each cell.
Reject or Retain the Null Hypothesis
The more dependent the two variables are in the
sample, the larger the chi-square statistic would be.
If the statistic is large enough it would exceed the
critical value associated with a selected alpha level
(in other words, if p <.05) then:
Reject the Null hypothesis of independence (no
relation between the two variables)
Conclude that the two variables are statistically
dependent (related).
Example of Chi-square analysis
SPSS Demo