AIRCRAFT AIRFRAME AND

SYSTEM

STIVANO AMPNIER
• AIRPLANE STRUCTURES
• 5 LOADS APPLIED TO AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
A. TENSION
B. COMPRESSION
C. TORSION
D. SHEAR
E. BENDING
FUSELAGE CONSTRUCTION
• The fuselage is an important part of an airplane. All airplanes have a fuselage. It’s essentially the body or
shell that holds passengers and cargo. In some airplanes, the fuselage holds the engines as well. While all
fuselages feature a shell-like design, they are available in several different types. Below is a breakdown of
the four most common types of airplane fuselages.

1 . Truss type
2 . Monocoque
3 . Semi-monocoque
4 . Geodesic
TRUSS TYPE
• Also known as truss structure, truss is a common type of
airplane fuselage. It’s typically used in small and lightweight
airplanes. Truss fuselages live up to their namesake by
featuring steel trusses. The steel trusses are welded together
to form a frame. This frame is then covered in sheets of steel
or other materials. Truss fuselages have been around for over a
century, and during that time, little has changed regarding
their design.
MONOCOQUE
• Some airplanes have a monocoque fuselage. Monocoque fuselages are characterized by the use of an
exterior surface as the primary structure. In other words, they don’t have the same frame-based design
as truss fuselages. Monocoque fuselages may still have a frame, but their primary structure consists of
an exterior surface. Monocoque fuselages are found in military airplanes as well as commercial and
civilian airplanes. The Boeing 787, in fact, uses a monocoque fuselage.
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
In addition to monocoque, there are semi-monocoque airplane fuselages. Semi-monocoque is the most
common type of fuselage for aluminum airplanes. Airplanes that are designed mostly of aluminum
typically have a semi-monocoque fuselage. What is a semi-monocoque fuselage exactly, and how does
it differ from a monocoque fuselage
• Semi-monocoque is a type of airplane fuselage that features a cross-section frame that’s joined
together with stringers. Stringers are sheets of aluminum. The sheets of aluminum are attached to
the cross-section frame with rivets and/or adhesives. Once in place, the combination of the
aluminum sheets and cross-section frame form the fuselage. Semi-monocoque fuselages have an
exterior surface — just like monocoque fuselages — but they also feature aluminum sheets.
GEODESIC
• Finally, geodesic airplane fuselages are those that feature a basket-like woven construction. They consist
of metal or synthetic materials that are angled together. The geodesic fuselage was pioneered by Barnes
Wallis in the 1930s. Some of the first airplanes to use this fuselage appeared shortly thereafter.
Geodesic is simply a type of airplane fuselage that features a basket-like construction. It’s considered
stronger and more durable than many other types of fuselages.
MAINPLANE (WINGS)
Wing Configurations
• Wings are airfoils that, when moved rapidly through the air, create lift. They are built in many shapes and
sizes. Wing design can vary to provide certain desirable flight characteristics. Control at various operating
speeds, the amount of lift generated, balance, and stability all change as the shape of the wing is altered.
Both the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing may be straight or curved, or one edge may be
straight and the other curved. One or both edges may be tapered so that the wing is narrower at the tip
than at the root where it joins the fuselage. The wing tip may be square, rounded, or even pointed.
there are 3 type of wing construction
1.BI-PLANE
2.BRACED MONOPLANE
3.CANTILEVER MONOPLANE
BIPLANE
A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings stacked one above the other. The first powered,
controlled aeroplane to fly, the Wright Flyer, used a biplane wing arrangement, as did many aircraft in the
early years of aviation. While a biplane wing structure has a structural advantage over a monoplane, it
produces more drag than a monoplane wing. Improved structural techniques, better materials and higher
speeds made the biplane configuration obsolete for most purposes by the late 1930s.
Biplanes offer several advantages over conventional cantilever monoplane designs: they permit lighter
wing structures, low wing loading and smaller span for a given wing area. However, interference between
the airflow over each wing increases drag substantially, and biplanes generally need extensive bracing,
which causes additional.
BRACED MONOPLANE
• The braced monoplane has similar structural depth to the braced biplane but less than twice the total
wing area, so many argued in its favour.
CANTILEVER MONOPLANE
A full cantilever wing structure is very strong. The wing can be fastened to the fuselage without the use of
external bracing, such as wires or struts. A complete wing assembly consists of the surface providing lift for
the support of the aircraft. It also provides the necessary flight control surfaces.
WING STRUCTURES
Wing structure design depend on :
• Size of aircraft
• Weight of aircraft
• Used of aircraft
• Speed of aircraft
Low wing
INVERTED GULL
WING TORSION BOX