DATA MANAGEMENT

Prepared By:
Ellen Jagmis-Arinez
Collection and Presentation
of Data
 Sources of Data
• 1. Primary Data
• - data coming from primary sources
• - data that you have collected for your own use.
• - government agencies, business establishments,
organizations, and individuals who carry original
data or who have firsthand information.
• 2. Secondary Data
• Secondary data is data collected by someone else
that you are “borrowing.”
• data obtained from secondary sources
• newspapers, magazines, journals, and
republished materials
 Collection of Data
• 1. The Interview Method
• The interview is a person – to – person encounter between
the one soliciting information and the one supplying the data.
• The form of interview may vary according to the preference
of either both parties.
• Advantages:
• a. questions can be repeated, rephrased or modified for
better understanding
• b. answers may be clarified
• c. the interviewer has the opportunity to evaluate the
responses given since he can observe the reactions and facial
expressions of the interviewee
• d. immediate response is ensured
• e. it is most appropriate when the respondents do not
know how to read and write
• Disadvantages:
• It can be very costly
• It can cover only a limited number of
individuals
• The interviewee may not reveal certain
vital information, such as age, amount of
income, and source of livelihood
 Collection of Data
• 2. The Questionnaire Method
• utilizes questions to obtain information
• either mailed or hand – carried to the intended respondents
• Advantages:
• it is more economical than interviews
• it is also less time consuming
• more individuals can be reached for the needed information
• respondents find enough time to formulate appropriate
answers
• by keeping the respondent’s identity a secret, confidential
information relevant to the study may be obtained
• The questionnaire needs to be carefully designed to avoid
any bias or confusion for those participating
• Disadvantages:
• The proportion of people who do not at all
respond is higher with the questionnaire method
than with the interview method.
• It is not appropriate for those who do not know
how to read and write
• There is no way to check the veracity of the
respondent’s replies.
• Uncaring respondents may deliberately give
incomplete, even irrelevant answers.
• Since nobody is usually around to interpret the
questions, the respondent may be forced to
answer in the manner of how he understands the
questions and not in the manner that they should
be understood.
 Collection of Data
• 3. The Observation Method
• Data pertaining to behaviors of an
individual or a group of individuals at the
time of occurrence of a given situation are
best obtained by direct observation.
• Subjects may be observed individually or
collectively depending on the objectives of
the investigator.
• He can relate with them and participate in
their activities, or he keeps himself at a
distance while making the observation.
 Collection of Data

• 4. The Use of Documents

• the use of documents and other existing records
available in both private and government offices
are very economical
• those in business make their projection of trends
and values based on historical data
• in school, guidance counselors keep anecdotal
records of students for future reference
• in companies, records of individual employees
are kept and later used as bases for promotion
 Collection of Data
• 5. The Method of Experimentation
• This method is more direct than observation
because the subjects will participate in an
experiment designed to determine the
effectiveness of a treatment.
• An example of a treatment could be the use of a
new medical drug. Two groups would be
established.
• The first is the experimental group who receive
the new drug, and the second is the control group
who think they are getting the new drug but are in
fact getting no medication. The reactions from
each group are measured and compared to
determine whether the new drug was effective.
 Methods of Presentation
• 1. The Textual Form
• The textual , or paragraph, form is utilized
when the data to be presented are purely
qualitative or when very few numbers are
involved.
• not desirable when too many figures are
involved as the reader may fail to grasp the
significance of certain quantitative
relationships
• It becomes an effective device when the
objective is to call the reader’s attention to
some data that require special emphasis.
 Based on the study, the Philippines ranked 41st
among 45 participating countries. Several reasons
have been given as causes of the unsatisfactory
achievement of students particularly in mathematics.
Among these are the lack of textbooks, attitude
towards the subject, poor computation skills, and
teaching practices. As evident in the published result
of TIMSS 2003, among the content domain of
mathematics, topics in algebra, equation, and formula
garnered the lowest national average score of 23
against the international average score of 45. It only
implies that most of the students are having difficulties
in algebra lessons.
 Methods of Presentation
• 2. Tabular Form
• tabular arrangement is more convenient and
understandable than the textual presentation
• Table Components:
• a. Table heading - the number and the title.
• table number - give the table an identity.
• title - explains what are being presented.
• b. The body contains the quantitative
information.
• c. Stubs are the opposite rows of the body and
usually to the left are labels
• d. The boxheads - the captions that appear
above the column.
Table heading Table 1 Table number
Students’ Level of Conceptual Knowledge
title
Level of Conceptual Knowledge Frequency Percentage

Advanced ( 90% and above) 0 0.0

Proficiency ( 85% - 89%) 0 0.0

Approaching Proficiency ( 80% - 84%) 0 0.0

Developing (75% - 79%) 8 9.2

Beginning (below 74% ) 79 90.8
Total 87 100.0

stubs Box heads Body

 TV Brand Frequency
LG 8
Panasonic 6
Philips 4
Samsung 12
Sony 10
• 1. How many classes does the frequency distribution
have?
• 2. Which class has the highest frequency?
• 3. What is the total frequency?
• 4. What percentage of the total is Sony’s frequency?
 Methods of Presentation
• 3. The Graphical or Pictorial Form
• The graph or chart is perhaps the most effective
device for attracting people’s attention.
• It requires more skill, more time, more expense.
• The limitation is that no matter how accurate
the graph is drawn, it is usually not quite easy
to determine the exact figures which is based.
• Types of Graphs
• line graph, bar graph, pie chart, and
statistical map
 3. The Graphical or Pictorial Form
• A. Line Graph
• - an effective device used to portray changes in
values with respect to time
• - the categories, or time periods, are
chronologically arranged on the horizontal axis and
the relevant values are indicated on the vertical axis
• Take a look at the profits made by a company in
the latter half of last year.
• A. Line Graph
 3. The Graphical or Pictorial Form
• B. Bar Graph
• A graph essentially consists of bars or rectangles
which are drawn either vertically or horizontally
depending on the type of data and the purpose of
comparison.
• Vertical bars – used for chronological comparison
• Horizontal bars – used for categorical comparisons
• The bars depicts the different time periods or
categories in the data;
• The height or length of each bar corresponds to the
value attached to each time period or category
• Vertical bar charts tend to be more common, but
horizontal bar charts are useful if the names of your
categories are long. They give you lots of space for
showing the name of each category without having to
turn the bar labels sideways.
• B. Bar Graph
TV Brand Frequency

LG 8
Panasonic 6
Philips 4
Samsung 12
Sony 10
• C. Component Bar Graph
• - a graphic device used to show the
relative sizes of the components that make
up a total
• - each bar, representing 100%, is
subdivided so that the length of each part
corresponds to the proportion or percentage
of the total number of cases belonging to
the category being represented by the bar
• The overall length of the bar reflects the
total frequency
• This sort of chart allows you to quickly see
the total frequency of each category—in this
case, the total number of players for each
genre—and the frequency of player
satisfaction. You can see proportions at a
glance, too.
• D. Pie Chart
• - appropriate for portraying the relative
magnitudes of the component parts of a
whole
• - it is constructed by dividing a circle into
sectors,
• - each sector has a size proportional to the
percentage it represents
• - the number of degrees of the central angle
of the sector representing a component is
measured using the formula
• Number of degrees = (%)(3.60)
EXERCISE 4
 Let’s do this!
1. According to CEO David S. Taylor, the Procter & Gamble company’s debts is
projected to rise by an average of 8.6 percent yearly from P26,750 in 2006 to
27,210 Pesos in 2007, 28,200 Pesos in 2008, 29,290 Pesos in 2009, 30,488 Pesos
in 2010, 31,834 Pesos in 2011, and 33,510 Pesos in 2012. construct a line graph.

Year Amount
2006 P26,750
2007 27,210
2008 28,200
2009 29,290
2010 30,488
2011 31,834
2012 33,510
 Let’s do
Year Number
this! Level of
• 2. Draw a pie
chart on the Students
number of First Year 138
students Second 117
enrolled in
CBA Year
Marketing Third Year 77
Management Fourth 179
for school year
2015 - 2016 Year
Total 511
 Let’s do this!
Region Number of
Teachers
• 3. Construct a bar NCR 5,214
graph for the Region 1 3,068
following table Region 2 1,153
on the number of Region 3 2,823
teachers in Region 4 4,046
tertiary Region 5 2,744
institutions for Region 6 3,507
school year 2014 Region 7 2,912
– 2015. Region 8 1,925
Region 9 1,380
Region 10 1,908
Region 11 2,330
Region 12 825