Settings, Processes,

Methods, and Tools

in Counseling
“DIFFERENT SETTINGS WHERE COUNSELORS WORK”

1. Government Setting – government agencies that have counselling

services such as social welfare, correctional department, the court
system, child and women affairs services, schools, military, police,
hospitals, mental and foster homes, and rehabilitation centers are
some of the government settings where counselors are found.
2. Private Sector Setting – independent providers of services or work
for NGOs are among the range of counsellors in the private sector.
The processes, methods and tools used by counsellors in the private
setting remain exactly the same as in the government setting.
3. 3. Civil Society Setting – charities or non-profit and issue-based
centers or organizations such as for abused women, abandoned
children and elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious
groups comprises the civil society setting were counsellors are found.
“DIFFERENT SETTINGS WHERE
COUNSELORS WORK”

• 4. School Setting – the role of guidance counselor in

school setting is more complex since the needs of the
students are varied. Moreover, guidance counselors
assume many different responsibilities and tasks
based on the particular needs of students and the
school context.
• 5. Community Setting – the widest application of
counseling services includes the community setting
considering the diversity of people in the community.
“PROCESSES IN COUNSELING”

Counseling process is both considered an art and

a science. As an art, it requires the counselor to
be sensitive to his clients. It needs excellent
skills in listening and ability of the counselor to
demonstrate care and empathy. As a science, it
requires the use of scientific tools to obtain
comprehension during the different stages of the
counseling process.
According Nystul (2003) there are six stages of the counseling
process:
1.Stage 1- Relationship Building provides the force and foundation for
the counseling. Here there is a need to establish rapport, promote
acceptance of the client and promote relevant communication
between the counselor and the counselee.
2.Stage 2- Assessment and Diagnosis offers appreciation of the
client’s condition and analysis of the root causes of the problem. Data
gathered will be the diagnosis.
3.Stage 3- Formulation of Counseling Goals sets the direction of the
counseling process, its parameters of work and the client-counselor
relationship. The client and counselor must agree on their goals.
4.Stage 4- Intervention and Problem Solving comprises of the
counseling goals, strategies and intervention.
5.Stage 5- Termination and Follow- up progresses the client with the
help of the counselor.
6.Stage 6- Research and Evaluation can be taken at any point of the
counseling stage and provides scientific appreciation.
“METHODS IN COUNSELING”
 There are different approaches and theoretical categories used in
counseling process. This includes psychoanalytical, affective,
cognitive, and behavioral (Galding, 2000).
 1. Classic Theories primed the underpinning of clinical
practice.Most psychological theories which were developed by
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler are considered to be under
the category of classic theories.
 A. Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory also known as psychoanalysis
of the mind which involves the discussion on ID, Ego and Superego.
 According to Nystul (2003) a psychoanalytic counselor may use the
following methods:
- Free association encourages discussion to suppress emotion.
- Dream analysis explores unconscious process using dreams.
- Confrontation and Clarification uses feedback procedure to determine
analysis.
- Interpretation gives insights of the patient’s inner conflicts.
B. Adler’s Individual Psychology focuses on the role of recognition
in psychological function. According to Nystul (2003) there are four
phases of Adlerian Psychotheraphy:
- Establishing relationship
- Performing Analysis and Assessment
- Promoting Insight
- Reorientation
C. Jung’s Analytic Psychology highlights the task of unconscious
processes in psychological functioning.
2. Experiential theories fall under affective which are concerned
about generating emotions of the clients to effect change.
A. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling uses the “if and then”
which considers certain conditions exist in the counseling
relationship until the client reaches self-actualization.
B. Perls Gestalt Therapy centers on the approach on the here and
now which refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the
client experience from the inside and the how the counselor
observes from the outside.
3. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories

- highlights the task of cognition of thoughts, belief and

internal behavior in person’s life.

a. Ellis Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

b. Beck’s Cognitive Theory
c. Berne’s Transactional Analysis