A SEMINAR WORK PRESENTATION ON

BIOCHEMISTRY OF MUSCLES

BY
SOLOMON, OZIOHU GRACE
20BC1059

DEPARTMEMNT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PRINCE ABUBAKAR AUDU UNIVERSITY

JUNE, 2023
OUTLINES

• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF MUSCLES
• ROLE OF CALCIUM ION IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• MUSCLE ENERGY METABOLISM
• MUSCULAR SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES: COMMON DISORDERS
AND DISEASES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
• Muscle tissues are soft tissues that help in force generation, body movements,
postural support and internal organ function (Dong et al., 2020)
• Muscles are systems in which the transformation of ATP energy into
mechanical energy of contraction and movement occurs which helps us move,
lift or sit still. Others help us to digest food, breathe or see. (Yanitskaya et al.,
2019).
 TYPES OF MUSCLES
SKELETAL MUSCLE

• Skeletal muscle are made up of many

individual fibers bundled together
into a muscle spindle which gives the
skeletal muscle a striated appearance.
• Most skeletal muscles are held
together by collagenous tendons
across joints in the skeleton (Miller et
al., 2016).

Fig. 1 Skeletal muscle.

 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONT’D
CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Cardiac muscle are rectangular,
branching cells that contain only one
centrally-located nucleus
• The primary function of
cardiomyocytes is to contract, which
generates the pressure needed to pump
blood through the circulatory system.
(Saxton et al., 2022).
Fig. 2 Cardiac muscle
 TYPES OF MUSCLES CONT’D
SMOOTH MUSCLE
• Smooth muscle fibers are
spindle-shaped with a single
nuclei.
• Smooth muscle differs from
skeletal muscle in a variety of
ways, it has the ability to be
contracted and controlled
involuntarily. (Hafen et al.,
2022).
Fig. 3 Smooth muscle.
• It has a single nucleus.
 ROLE OF CALCIUM ION IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum which increases
the concentration of Calcium iom in the cytosol from 10-7 to 10-5 M.
• The increased Calcium iom concentration then signals muscle contraction
via the action of two accessory proteins bound to the actin filaments:
tropomyosin and troponin (Yanitskaya et al., 2019)
• The troponin-tropomyosin complex prevents the myosin heads from
binding to the active sites on the actin microfilaments
• At high concentrations, Ca2+ binding to troponin C, shifts the position of
the complex, relieving this inhibition and allowing contraction to proceed
(Yanitskaya, 2019).
• The calcium ion (Ca2+) initiates contraction, which is sustained by ATP. As
long as Ca2+ions remain in the sarcoplasm to bind to troponin, and as long
as ATP is available, the muscle fiber will continue to shorten.
 Role of calcium ion in muscle
contraction.

Sliding filament-theory
Fig. 4 Structure of sliding filament.
 MUSCLE ENERGY METABOLISM
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a source of energy for muscle
metabolism
• Muscle contraction and all exercise are dependent on the breakdown of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Glaister, 2005).
• Some mechanisms which supply ATP are glycolysis, Phosphagen system,
mitochondrial respiration.
Fig. 5 The three energy systems of muscle ATP generation (Moon, 2016).
MUSCULAR SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES: COMMON
DISORDERS AND DISEASES

• Some common disorders and diseases associated with the Muscular

system are:
1. Malignant Hyperthermia.
2. Brody disease.
3. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
4. Rigor Mortis.
Fig. 6 Proposed mechanism for induction of malignant hyperthermia (Arora et al.,
2020
Fig. 7 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy- progressive X- linked neuromuscular disorder
caused by mutations in the DNA gene, encoding for Dystrophin protein (Chang,
2021)
CONCLUSION
Physical training or exercise alters the appearance of skeletal muscles
and can produce changes in muscle performance while lack of exercise
decreases it's performance and appearance. Although muscle cells can
change in size but new cells are not formed when muscles grow.
Instead, structural proteins are added to muscle fibers by a process
called hypertrophy, so cell diameter increase
 REFERENCES
Arora, N., Raghav, G., Saurabh, K., Premkumar, N. C., (2020). Correction to: Neuromuscular Urgencies
and Emergencies.
Chang, N. (2021). Empowering Muscle stem cells for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
Dong, R., Peter, X. M., and Baolin, G. (2020) conductive biomaterials for muscle tissue engineering. Vol.
229.
Glaister, M. (2005). Multiple sprint work: physiological responses, mechanisms of fatigue and the
influence of aerobic fitness, Sports Medicine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 757-777.
Hafen, B.B., Micah, S., Bracken, B. (2022). Anatomy, Smooth Muscle
Miller, S.M., Bradley M.P, Michael, J.T, and David, M. W. (2022) Muscle anatomy, physiology and
Biochemistry.
Moon, M. (2016). Why and how to develop be phosphogen energy system for maximum performance.
Saxton, A. Tariq, M.A and Bruno, B. (2022). Anatomy, Thorax, Cardiac muscle.
Yanitskaya, L.V., Oberikhina, N.V., Mykhailola, A G., Pradii, T.P., (2019) biochemistry of muscle tissue.
 THANKS
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