Electrical and

Electronic
Measurements
 ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENTS
Second Edition
David A. Bell
CHAPTER ONE
UNITS,DIMENSIONS,
AND STANDARDS
 Units, Dimensions, and
Standards
Objectives:
 Discuss the three fundamental mechanical units
in the System International (SI) .

 Define the SI units for some electrical and

magnetic quantities.

 Identify the various metric prefixes ‫اختصاراتق ياس‬.

 Identify the dimensions of various quantities.

 Define the various measurement standards

‫ ا لمع ايير ا لقياسية‬and their applications.
 SI - ELECTRICAL UNITS
 The ampere (A) is the unit of electric current.

 The coulomb (C) is the unit of electric charge.

I= dq /dt
 1 coulomb = total charge carried by
6.24x1018 electrons

Charge of electron =1/ 6.24x1018

=1.602x10-19 C
 Emf, Potential Difference, and Voltage
[ Volt (V) ]

Potential Deference = power / current

=P/I [ V, Watt / Ampere ]

 The Volt (V) is defined as the potential

difference between two points on a
conductor carrying a current of 1 A
when the power dissipated between
these two points is 1 watt.
 SI ELECTRICAL UNITS
 Resistance [ohm (Ω)], and conductance
[ Siemens (S) ]

 Resistance (R) = voltage / current

=V/I [Ω]
 The ohm (Ω) is the unit of resistance which defined as the
resistance which permits a current flow of 1 ampere when
a potential difference of 1 volt is applied to the resistance .

 Unit of conductance is Siemens (S), where:

Conductance (G)=1/Resistance
=1/R [S]
 Magnetic Flux(Ф) And Flux Density (B)

 The Weber (Wb) is the SI unit of Flux Ф.

 Where as , Tesla (T) is the SI unit of Flux

Density B

E = N dФ/dt [V, Turns Wb/Sec]

The Weber is define as: The magnetic flux which

linking a single turn coil produces an emf of 1V,
when the flux is reduced to zero at a constant rate
in 1 Sec.
 Flux Density (B)
 As Flux Density (B) is define as the magnetic
flux per unit area:
B = Ф / Area [ T, Wb/m2 ]

Then Tesla is define as: the flux density in a

magnetic field when 1 Weber of flux occurs
in a plane of 1 square meter.
 INDUCTANCE (L)
The SI unit of inductance is the henry
(H).

The inductance of a circuit is 1 henry,

when an emf of 1 volt is induced by
the current changing at the rate of
1 A/sec.
V = L di /dt
 CAPACITANCE (C)

The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F)

The farad is the capacitance of a capacitor

that contains a charge of 1 coulomb when
the potential difference between its terminals
is 1 volt.

C=Q/V
 Temperature Scales
 Celsius scale (°C) is divided to 100
divisions between the freezing
temperature (0°C) and the boiling
temperature (100°C) of water.

 Kelvin scale (°K) starts at absolute

zero of temperature, which
corresponds to -273.15°C:
(i.e. 0°C Ξ 273.15°K, and100°C Ξ 373.15°C)
 Other System of Units
 English (American / Imperial) system of
units: It is measured in (Foot for length-
Pound ‫ رطل‬for mass- Second for time)

 CGS systems of units : It is measured in

(Cm-Gram-Second)

 Appendix 1 provides a list of conversion

table between one system to SI or vice versa.
Example (1):
A bar magnet with a 1 inch square cross
section is used to have a total magnetic flux
of 500 Maxwell. Determine the flux density in
Tesla.
Solution:
From Appendix 1,
Total flux, Ф = (500 Maxwell) x 10-8 Wb =5 µ Wb
area, A = (1 inch square )x (2.54 x 10-2)2m2
= (2.54)2 x 10-4 m2
flux density, = β = Ф/A
= 5 µ wb / 2.542 x 10-4 m2
= 7.75 mT
Example(2):
The normal human body temperature is
given as 98.7°F. Determine the equivalent
Celsius and Kelvin scale temperatures.

Solution:
From Appendix 1,
Celsius temperature = °F – 32 / 1.8
= 98.7-32/ 1.8
= 37°C

Kelvin temperature =(°F – 32 / 1.8) + 273.15

= 310.15°K
 DIMENSIONS
 The dimension are useful in deriving some
relations between the used quantities in
equations.

 The dimension of both sides of the equation

must be equal.

area = length x length

The dimension of area are [L2]

 DIMENSIONS
Similarly,

Force= mass x acceleration

= mass x (Length/Time)/time
= [M] [LT-2]

Work= Force x distance

= [ MLT-2 ] [ L ]
=[ML2T-2]
 STANDARDS
Working standards:
 Electrical measurement standards are

precise resistors, capacitors, inductors,

voltage sources, and current sources,
which can be used for comparison
purposes when measuring electrical
quantities .
 Working standards
For example, resistance can be
accurately measured by means of
Wheatstone bridge which uses a
standard resistor.

Standard resistors, capacitors,

inductors usually found in an
electronics laboratory are classified
as working standards.
 Working standards
 Working standard resistors are
normally constructed of manganin,
which have a very low temperature
coefficient.

 e.g. precise resistors, capacitors,

inductors, voltage sources. Their
typical accuracies are better than
±1%.
 Standards Classifications
 International Standards (Class A) are
the highest level of accuracy. They are used to
check the accuracy of Primary Standards.

 Primary Standards (Class B) are

maintained at institutions in various countries.

 They have high accuracy. They are used to

check the accuracy of Secondary Standards.
 Secondary standards (Class C) are
employed in industries for to check the
accuracy of the working standards.

 Working standards are used as a

measurement references on a day to day
basis in all electronics Laboratories.
 Sheet (1)
 Review Question:
(1)- State the SI units and unit symbols for force, and work, then define
each unit.

(2)- State the SI units and unit symbols for energy and power, then
define each unit.

(3)- State the SI units and unit symbols for electric current , and charge,
then define each unit.

(4)- State the SI units and unit symbols for electrical resistance, and
conductance, then define each unit.

(5)- State the SI units and unit symbols for magnetic flux, and flux
density, then define each unit.
(5)- State the SI units and unit symbols for magnetic
flux, and flux density, then define each unit.

(6)- State the SI units and unit symbols for inductance,

and capacitance, then define each unit .

(7)- Name the two SI temperature sales, and identify

the freezing and boiling temperatures of water for
each scale.

(8)- List the various levels of measurement standards,

and discuss the application of each classification.
 Problems:
NOTE: Use the Appendix 1 to perform all required
unit conversions
(1)- perform the following conversion:
a)- 6215 miles to kilometers.
b)- 50 miles per hour to kilometers per hour.
c)- 12 square feet to square centimeters.

(2)- Determine how long it takes light to travel to earth

from a star 1 million miles Away if the speed of light
is 3 x 108 m/s.

(3)- The speed of sound in air is 345 m/s. Calculate the

distance in miles from a thunderstorm when the
thunder is heard 5 s after the lightning flash.
(4)- A 140 Ib person has a height of 5 ft 7 in. Convert these
measurements into kilograms and centimeters.

(5)- Calculate the Celsius and Kelvin scale equivalent of

80° F.

(6)- Determine the dimension of area, volume, velocity and

acceleration.

(7)- Determine the dimension of: Force – Work – energy

and power.

(8)- Determine the dimension of charge, voltage and

resistance.

(9)- Determine the dimension of: Capacitance and

inductance.