2101CV301 Module 2 03 Deep Foundation

Building Construction & Materials
(2101CV031)
Module 2: Foundations
Part 3: Deep Foundations
Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara

Department of Civil Engineering
Darshan University, Rajkot
dhaval.jalalpara@darshan.ac.in
+917405239039
Syllabus
Sr.
No.
Content
Building Materials
1 Introduction, Properties and Classification of Materials: bricks, blocks, building stones, lime, cement, timber, sand,
aggregate, mortar, concrete, tar, bitumen and asphalt, glass, flooring materials, ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals.
Foundations
Subsurface Investigation
Shallow Foundation:
2
Necessity, Types, setting out, excavation, construction, failures of foundation, and remedial measures.
Deep Foundation:
Pile Foundation: Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles.
Building Construction
Stone masonry: Technical terms, joints, Classification of Stone masonry
Brick masonry: Technical terms, bonds in brick work, constituents of brick-clay
Other Masonry: Composite masonry, Hollow blocks masonry, Partition Wall, Cavity walls
3 Lintels & arches: Lintels - types, construction. Arches - technical terms, types, construction
Wall Finishes: Plastering, pointing and painting
Plain and Reinforced Concrete Construction Pre-cast and cast-in-situ Construction, Form work for R.C.C. Wall, slab, Beam
and
Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara # 2101CV301  Unit 2 – Building Construction & Materials 2
Syllabus
Sr.
No.
Content
Other Building Components
Doors: Location, technical terms, size, types, construction, suitability.
Windows: Factors affecting selection of size, shape, location and no. of windows, types, construction, suitability, fixtures
and fastenings, Ventilators.
Stairs and Staircases: Definition, technical terms, types of steps, classification, stair design/planning, elevators, escalators.
4
Roofs and Roof Coverings: Introduction, requirements of good roof technical terms, classification, types of roof coverings
for
pitched roof. A.C. sheet roofs - fixing of A.C. sheets, G.I. Sheets roofs, slates, flat roof - advantages, dis-advantages, types
of flat
terraced roofing.
Special Treatments
5 Fire resistant, water resistant, thermal insulation, acoustical construction and anti-termite treatment, HVAC & MEP System,
Timbering in Trenches, Shoring, Underpinning.

Reference Books:
1. Building Construction by B. C. Punamia
2. Building Construction by S. C. Rangwala
3. Building Construction by Gurucharan Singh
4. Heavy Construction by Vazirani & Chandola
5. Building Construction by Sushil Kumar
6. Building Construction by P.C Varghese,Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi
7. Hand book of Heavy construction: O’Brien, Havers & Stubb
8. Bureau of Indian Standard

What is deep foundation ?
 If the depth of footing greater to the Width of footing

or more than > 3m, it is known as the deep
Foundation.
 It is used when the soil bearing capacity is very low.
 It also known as “piling”.

Deep Foundation
 When the deep foundations are used ?
1. The load of the superstructure is heavy and its distribution is uneven.
2. The top soil has poor bearing capacity.
3. The subsoil water level is high so that pumping of water from the open trenches for the
shallow foundations is difficult and uneconomical.
4. There is a large fluctuations in subsoil water level.
5. If deep strip foundation is attempted, timbering of sides is difficult to maintain or retain
the soil of sides of the trench.
6. The structure is situated on the sea shore or river bed, where there is danger of scouring
action of water.
7. Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
8. The top soil is of expansive nature.
Classification - deep foundation
 Types of deep foundation
- Pile foundation
- Cofferdam
- Cassion or well foundation

Topics to be covered
 Pile foundation
 Uses of piles
 Factors affecting selection for type of piles
 Type of piles
- load bearing piles
- non load bearing piles
- under reamed piles
 Micro piles
 Pile cap pile shoe
 Pile driving equipment and method
 Causes of failure
Pile foundation
 Load are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which having more depth as
compare to width is termed as pile foundation.
 When piles are used ?

- the stratum of required bearing capacity is at a greater depth.
- compressible or water logged soil or made up soil.
- When structure load is very heavy.
- Pumping of water from sub surface is too costly
- Timbering of excavations is too difficult.
- structures like canals, deep drainage lines etc.
- structures which are situated on sea shore or river bed or marine
structure like construction of docks, pier etc..

Factors consider for selection
1. Type and loads from the superstructure.
2. Properties of soil.
3. The depth of the soil layer capable of supporting the piles.
4. Variations in length of pile required.
5. Availability of materials.
6. Durability required.
7. Available equipment for pile driving.
8. Budget.
9. The depth of water level and intensity of underground water flow.
10. Types of surrounding structures.

Types of piles
Types of
piles
Load bearing Non load Under

piles bearing piles reamed pile

Load bearing piles classification
 Classification based on function
1. End bearing piles
2. Friction pile
3. Compaction pile
4. Tension pile or uplift pile
5. Anchor pile
6. Better pile
7. Fender pile
8. Sheet pile

 Classification based on material :
1.Cast iron piles
2.Cement concrete piles
 it mainly divided into two :
 i) Cast in situ concrete piles ii) pre cast concrete piles
 Cast in situ concrete piles
 Cased type Uncased type
 a). Raymond piles a). Simplex piles
 b). Mac-Arthur cased piles b). Franki-Piles
 c). Union metal Monotube piles c). Vibro-piles
 d). Swage piles d). Pedestal piles
 e). Western Button bottom pile
3. Sand piles
4. Steel piles
 i) H – beam
 ii) Box pile 5. Timber pile
 iii) Tube pile 6. Wrought iron piles
Based on function pile
1. End 2.
bearing Friction
piles The piles piles The piles which
which are are not reach
driven until a hard stratum,
hard stratum, due to this
it act like developed skin
pillars. friction around
the pile
In this type ,
piles load This piles are
carrying carrying more
capacity from load capacity
the resistance by skin friction
of stratum at is known as
the toe of piles friction pile

Continue…

3. Compaction Pile
 Used to compact loose granular soils, thus increasing their bearing capacity.
 Themselves do not carry any load.
 Hence they may be of weaker material sometimes of sand only.
 The pile tube, driven to compact the soil, is gradually taken out and sand is filled in its place
thus forming a ‘sand pile’.
4. Tension pile
 It anchor down the structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure or due to over-
turning moment.

5. Anchor pile
 To provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet piling or other pulling forces.
6. Fender Pile and dolphins
 It is used to protect water from structures against impact from ships or other floating objects.
7. Sheet pile
 Commonly used as bulkheads, or as impervious cutoff to reduce seepage and uplift under
hydraulic structures.
8. Better Pile
 Used to resist large horizontal or inclined forces.

Compaction Pile


Sheet Pile

 Sheet Piles
 Sheet piles are thin piles, made of plates of concrete, timber or steel, driven into the ground for
either separating members or for stopping seepage of water.
 They are not meant for carrying any vertical load.
 They are driven inti ground with the help of suitable pile driving equipment, and their height is
increased while driving, by means of addition of successive installments of sheets.

 Function of sheet piles:
1. To enclose a site or to prevent the escape of loose subsoil, and to safeguard against
settlement.
2. To retain the side of the trenches
3. To form a water tight enclosure
4. To protect river banks.
5. To prevent seepage below the hydraulic structures
6. To confine the soil

 Sheet piles are made of the following materials:
a) Concrete sheet piles b) Timber sheet piles c) Steel sheet piles

 Classification based on material :
1.Cast iron piles
2.Cement concrete piles
 it mainly divided into two :
 i) Cast in situ concrete piles ii) pre cast concrete piles
 Cast in situ concrete piles
 Cased type Uncased type
 a). Raymond piles a). Simplex piles
 b). Mac-Arthur cased piles b). Franki-Piles
 c). Union metal Monotube piles c). Vibro-piles
 d). Swage piles d). Pedestal piles
 e). Western Button bottom pile
3. Sand piles
4. Steel piles
 i) H – beam
 ii) Box pile 5. Timber pile
 iii) Tube pile 6. Wrought iron piles
Based on Material piles
1. Cast iron piles :
 Piles are hollow and having diameter of 30 cm & thickness of 25 mm & length of 3-4 m.
 it’s brittle material so it’s not possible to driven it by a hammer.
 Hence, special screw are provided at the bottom of piles and then they are driven like a screw
into the ground. These are known as cast-iron screw piles.
 Advantage :
 This piles are used where timber piles will be damage by insects.
 suitable for heavy vertical pressure.
 Disadvantage :
 it can not subjected to shocks.
 they are unsuitable for works under sea water.

Different Material piles
2. Cement concrete piles :
 mainly casted by Reinforced cement concrete.
 RCC piles are divided into two types
1) Cast in situ piles

 Bore in this type dug by inserted a casing, then filled it with cement concrete is called casing cast in situ
piles.
 sometimes casing may be withdrawn, or sometimes it may be kept in position.
 Piles should be vertical, straight, undamaged.
 The length of the casing can be adjustable in the subsoil condition
 it classify in to a) cased cast in situ piles
b) uncased cast in situ piles

a) Cased cast in situ piles

Cased cast in situ piles
1. Raymond Piles :
 It is used primarily as friction pile since its uniform heavy taper of 1 in 30.
 Pile length vary from 6 to 12 m.
 Pile diameter vary from 40-60 cm at top and 20-30 cm at bottom.
 The pile consists thin corrugated steel shell closed from bottom.
 The steel shell is reinforced with spirally wound hard drawn wire on 8 cm pitch.
 The shell is closed at bottom with steel boot.
 Shell is driven into the soil with collapsible steel mandrel or core in it having the same
taper.
 Shell is inspected by the light from a mirror or drop light.
 Shell is filled with concrete up to top.

1. Raymond Piles

2. Mac – Arthur piles
 A diameter of pile is uniform through the
section.
 The driving of piles by additional steel casing
of heavy gauge.
 Procedure :
 Heavy steel casing is driven in to soil by
central core.
 After reaching the depth, filling and
compacting of concrete
 At last withdrawn steel the casing.
 The completed pile consist of concrete
core and the outer corrugated shell.

3. Union Metal Monotube piles :
 It consists of a tapered fluted steel shell without mandrel.
 Suitable for a wide variety of soil conditions ranging from end bearing to friction load carrying
piles.
 The shell may be driven with hammer (comparable size) at required depth
 The shell are inspected after driving, then filled with concrete.
 Shell are rigid and water tight.

3. Union Metal monotube piles :

4. Swage piles :
 Precast concrete plug of conical shape (shown in fig.) is provided at the bottom of steel shell.
 Various stages of forming pile:
1. Thin steel shell placed on precast concrete plug.
2. Steel core inserted in shell.
3. Core reaches at plug , shell is swaged out by taper of plug thus it form a water tight joint.
4. The steel shell is driven at required depth and exerted driving force of by the core on plug.
5. The shell and plug pulled down in soil rather than driven.
6. When shell has reached at desired depth, the core is removed and shell left and finally it
filled with concrete

4. Swage piles :

5. Button bottom piles :
 In this type of piles, a concrete button is used at the bottom to provide an enlarge hole in the
soil, when the pile is being driven.
 Various stages of forming pile:
I. Thin steel shell placed or set on concrete button
II. Both are driven up to required depth.
III. Steel corrugated shell inserted inside of steel pipe.
IV. The steel pipe withdrawn.
V. Leaving the button in place and shell filled with concrete, after placing the reinforcement,
if necessary.

5. Button bottom piles :

b) Uncased cast in situ piles
 These pile are comparatively cheap, as no casing will be left in the ground.
 But, great skill is required in this case to achieve the desired results.
 These piles are used only where it is certain that neither soil nor water will fall into the hole, or
squeeze into and reduce the size of the hole left after withdrawing a driven mandrel or shell
before concreting, and also where adjacent piles will not damage the green concrete.
 It is likely to be damaged from subsoil pressure and ground movements, which might result
from the pile driving and the obstructions met with in the ground.
 It is essential to have close installation inspection, since no inspection is provided after they
are installed.

Uncased cast in situ piles
 Advantages
1. They need no storage space.
2. They do not require cutting off excess lengths or building up short lengths.
3. They do not require special handling equipment.
4. The concrete is not liable to damage from driving

Uncased cast in situ concrete
1. Simplex Piles :
 It can be driven through soft or hard soils.
 A steel tube is fitted with cast iron shoe and driven into soil at desired depth.
 Reinforcement is placed in tube if necessary. The concrete is poured into the tube, Without
concrete being tamped and the tube is slowly withdrawn.
 The shoe is leaving in to soil.
 The soil must be sufficiently firm to form a good mold for green concrete after the casing
withdrawn, or else an inner casing of slightly smaller diameter than the shell must be inserted
before pouring the concrete.
 This pile is known as Simplex standard pile.
 If, however, tamping of concrete is done at regular interval as the tube is withdrawn, we get the
Simplex tamped pile.
Simplex Piles :

2. Franki Piles :
 A pile has an enlarged base of mush-room, is get effect of a spread footing.
 Stages of construction of franki pile :
1. A heavy removable pipe shell is set vertically on soil
2. A charge of dry concrete is formed in vertical pile.
3. A diesel operated drop hammer is driven on concrete and dense plug is formed.
4. When tube reaches at desired depth, hammer is applied on the concrete by forcing
downward.
5. It formed as mush room shape bulb which shown in fig.
6. After bulb forming, filled shaft with concrete.
7. In case of reinforced pile , placed cage of steel before the filled with concrete.
8. The pile diameters vary from 50 cm to 60 cm, while the enlarged base may have diameter
of about 90 cm or more.
2. Franki Piles :

2. Franki Piles :

3. Vibro Piles :
 These piles are used where the ground is soft, thus offering little frictional resistance to the
flow of concrete.
 It is made in size of 35, 45 and 50 cm dia., the larger for loads of 60 to 70 tones (600 to 700 kN)
 They can be formed in the lengths of 25 m and over.
 Stages of construction of franki pile :
i. In these piles, a steel tube, fitted with (but not fixed to) a cast iron shoe is driven in the
ground, by 20 to 25 kN hammer, operated by steam or compressed air delivering up to 40
blows per minute with a stroke of up to 1.4 m.
ii. When the shoe and tube has reached the desired level, corresponding to the desired set,
extracting links are fitted to the hammer and top of the tube.
iii. The tube is now filled with concrete.
3. Vibro Piles :
IV. The withdrawal of the tube and the ramming of the concrete are effected by hammer
operating at 80 blows per minute.
V. Each up-stoke results in 4 cm withdrawal of the tube (leaving the shoe behind) while
concrete is consolidated in each downward blow.
VI. Thus the concrete is being forced down to occupy the space left by the tube, resulting in
corrugated face of pile.

3. Vibro Piles :

3 (a) Vibro-expanded Piles :
 In this piles, the bearing capacity of soil is increased by enlarging its diameter at the bottom.
 The various stages are:
1. The tube, fitted with the conical shoe is driven in the ground up to the desired depth.
2. Concrete is filled in the tube, up to some reasonable depth.
3. The tube is completely withdrawn, in one single operation, leaving behind the conical shoe
and the concrete over it.
4. The tube, now fitted with a flat shoe, is again lowered in the hole until it reaches the deposited
concrete.
5. The tube is driven down along with flat shoe to penetrate the concrete, resulting in the bulged
end.

3 (a) Vibro-expanded Piles :
6. The reinforcement cage is lowered in the tube, so that it rests on the flat shoe.
7. The tube is now filled with concrete, and the pile is completed by a succession of upward
extracting and downward consolidating blows, as in the standard vibro pile..

4. Pedestal Piles:
 Pedestal piles are used where thin bearing stratum is reached with reasonable depth.
 In these piles, the pedestal gives the effect of spread footing on this comparatively thin
bearing.
 Procedure
1. The core and casing are driven together into the ground, till they reach up to the desired level.
2. core is taken out and concrete is placed in the tube.
3. The core is replaced in the casing till it rests on the top of the poured concrete.
4. While maintaining the pressure of core and hammer on the concrete, the casing is pulled up by
50 cm to 1 m.
5. The charge of concrete is rammed out, thus resulting the formation of a pedestal.
6. Pedestals are provided so as to avoid the direct contact of metal columns to prevent effect of
corrosion etc..
4. Pedestal Piles:

Pre cast concrete piles
 Those which are manufactured in a factory or at a place away from the construction site, and
then driven into the ground at the place required.
 It may be defined as a reinforced concrete pile, which is molded in circular, square, rectangular,
octagonal form in cross-section, and may be tapered or parallel sided longitudinally.
 The size of piles may be 30 cm to 50 cm in cross-sectional dimension & length of up to 20 m

or more.
 Function of reinforcement in pre cast is to resist the stresses on account of its handling,
driving and loading which the pile is finally expected to receive.

Pre cast concrete piles
 In longitudinal reinforcement of steel bars 20 to 40mm dia. , 4 to 8 No.
 In lateral reinforcement of steel bars 5 to 10mm dia. ,
 The spacing of lateral ties is 10 cm for 1m length at top and bottom piles of the pile and for the
intermediate portion, it is about 30 cm.
 A concrete cover of 50 mm is provided for reinforcement.

Pre cast piles

Pre cast piles:

Process of pre cast piles:
1. Prepare formwork for the pile. Usually metal forms are used for mass manufacturing. The
inner surfaces of the forms are coated with either soap solution or oil, so that concrete does
not adhere to the inside surfaces.
2. The cage of reinforcement is prepared as per the design, and this cage is then placed in
formwork. Cast steel shoe is also placed and is secured to the reinforcement with the help of
mild steel straps.
3. Prepare the grade of concrete which is specified in the design.
4. The concrete is laid in formwork and well compacted using vibrators.
5. The piles are then shifted to a curing tank, and after the curing, they become ready for use.

Advantage pre cast piles:
1. They can be cast well before the commencement of the work resulting in rapid execution of
work.
2. These piles can be made in various sizes, shapes and lengths.
3. The construction of these piles can be well supervised, and any defect detected can be
rectified before use.
4. The reinforcement remain in their proper position and do not get displaced.
5. The Precast Concrete Piles can also be driven underwater.
6. It can be immediately loaded after they have been driven.
7. No waste generation on the site.
8. It is not affected by the groundwater and adverse effect.
9. It is the most economical form of deep foundation
10. These piles are highly resistant to the biological and chemical action of the subsoil.
Disadvantage pre cast piles:
1. They are heavy and hence great difficulty is experienced for their handling and
transportation.
2. If sufficient care is not taken, these piles may break during transport or driving.
3. The length of the pile is restricted since it depends upon the transport facilities.
4. The exact length of a pile can rarely be pre-determined and such it has to be lengthened
sometimes, rendering the pile weak at the joint.
5. If a pile is found to be too long after driving, it has got to be cut down, which involves extra
labours, time and expense.
6. They are subjected to the driving shocks after the concrete has fully set. They may result in
unsound construction.

 Sand Piles :
 These piles are making cylinder shape hollow in soil, fill it by sand.
 If sand is kept confined, it becomes incompressible and have great strength.
 Dimensions of sand pile: diameter – 20 to 40 cm usually,
length – 2 to 5 m.
 The bore of required diameter, formed either by driving a wooden pile or by an auger.
 The hole is then filled with sand and it is well rammed until the sand in the hole does not escape.
The sand should be moist at the time of placing.
 It is spaced at 2 to 3 meters, usually under the columns of the structure.
 It take probably 100 tones per square meter or more.
 It’s length take about 12 times of it diameter.
 The top of the sand pile is filled with concrete, to prevent the upward movement of sand due to
lateral pressure.

Sand Piles
 Advantages
1. Economical for small building and for embankments of roads.
2. Easy to construct.
3. Possible to use gravel in place of sand. Such piles are known as Gravel piles.
4. Can be used irrespective to any position of water table.
 Disadvantages
1. Not suitable for loose or wet soils where there is danger of scour.
2. Cannot be adopted in regions subjected to frequent earthquakes.

4. Steel Piles :
 A steel pile may be rolled section, a fabricated shape or a piece of sheet pile.
 There are three different forms :
1. H-piles
2. Box pile
3. Tube pile

Steel Piles :
I. H beam :
 It is suitable where it is desired to penetrate to rock or through hard
material with least resource to jetting, coring etc. because they have
very small soil displacement.
 They are suitable for trestle type structure in which pile extend above
ground level and act as column.
 Used in construction of bridges where they can be driven through
existing construction in small spaces.
 Also useful for driving close to existing structures since they cause
little displacement of soil.
 It can withstand large lateral forces.
 They require less space for shipping and storing than wood, pipe or
precast concrete piles. Not require special care in handling.
Steel Piles :
 H beam

Steel Piles :
 II. Box pile :
 Box piles, formed of steel sheeting with or without deep beams have great lateral
strength.
 Such pile are generally used to support a wharf or other sea structures where deep water,
silt and sliding banks are present.
 The pile is driven either with closed bottom or with open bottom.
 If it is driven with open bottom, it is advisable to clean the box for the full depth.
 They are rectangular or octagonal in form filled with concrete.
 These pile are used when not possible to drive H-piles into hard strata.

Steel Piles
 II. Box pile :
Larssen box pile

Steel Piles :
 III. Tube or Pipe pile :
 Pipe piles are made of seamless or welded pipes,

which may be driven either closed ended or open
ended.
 When driven with open end, the material inside the
pipe is removed by suitable method, and Concrete is
then filled inside for strength and protection of interior
against corrosion.
 Because of circular cross section tube piles are easy
to handle and easy to drive in.
5. Timber Piles :
 These pile are prepared from trunks of trees, trimmed of branches.
 Common Indian timber used for piles are:
 Babul, Chir, Deodar, Jarul, Poon, Sal, Scmul, Teak, White siris and Khair.
 It has been found that piles made from khair wood can stand action of sea water much
better and is commonly used for marine works.
 They may be circular or square. It take loads up to 20 tonnes.
 Dia. Or dimension of pile are 30 to 50 cm and length not exceeding 20 times its top width.
 These piles are driven with a light pile driving equipment. In order to protect the head of
the pile from brooming.
 At bottom, a cast-iron shoe is provided and at the top a steel plate is fixed.

Timber Piles
 Advantages of timber piles
1. They are cheap and more economical.
2. They can be easily stored and transported, without the aid of
any heavy equipment .
3. They can be driven very rapidly.
4. Because of their elasticity they are better suited to the
conditions where piles are subjected to unusual lateral forces.
5. They are specially useful when sub-soil water is present.
Steel
strap
Conical
shoe

Timber Piles
 Disadvantages of timber piles
1. Timber piles deteriorate or decay very fast when subjected to alternate wetting and drying.
Hence it is essential to cut them below the water line and capped with concrete.
2. They cannot be driven, without damage, in made-up grounds.
3. They are not very useful in hard, rocky strata.
4. They have low carrying capacity, because of its low structural strength.
5. Because of restrictions in their length, they cannot, be used in situations where long piles are
essential.
6. They are easily damaged by over-driving.

 Timber Piles :

Under reamed pile :
 They are Bored cast-in-situ concrete piles, having one or more bulbs formed by enlarging the bore
hole for the pile stem by an under-reaming tool, which is called ‘under reamed’ or ‘bulb’.
 They are made of R.C.C.
 It is used where foundations are required to be taken down to a certain depth to avoid the
undesirable effects of seasonal moisture changes as in expansive soils or to obtain adequate
capacity for downward, upward or lateral loads or to take the foundations below scour level and for
moments.
 FEATURES : Dia. Of the pile = 20 to 40 cm,
Dia. Of the bulb = 2 to 3 times of dia. of pile
Length of the pile = 3 to 8m
Spacing of two piles = minimum (2 x dia. Of under-reamed) and maximum (2.5 m)
Spacing of two bulbs = 1.25 - 1.5 times of bulb dia.
Load carrying capacity = 20 to 40 tonne
Under reamed pile :

Construction procedure of Under reamed pile :
1. The ground is levelled and the boring guide is correctly positioned and soil inside the round
collar is taken out.
 A spiral auger is lowered into the round hole so formed,
 The auger is then rotated, thus making a bore hole.
 When the auger becomes full of soil, it is taken out.
 The auger is again lowered and the process repeated, till the desired depth is reached.
 Thus a straight vertical bore hole of the specified diameter is obtained.
 If the soil is not self-supporting, drilling mud may be suitably sprayed round the wall of the
bore hole.

2. The under-reaming tool, attached with a bucket at its end is then lowered vertically down in
the bore hole, with the help of the boring guide.
 The under-reaming tool consists of an assembly of two blades fixed around a central shaft
and a detachable bucket for holding the cut soil.
 A pin inserted in the shaft controls the maximum diameter of the bulb to be cut.
 When pressure is applied on the lowered under-reamer assembly, the blades gradually
widen or open out and cut the soil which the blades foldout vertically, and the assembly is
then taken out for emptying the bucket.
 The under-reamer is then again lowered and the process of cutting the soil with the help of
opened-out blades, till the required size of the under-ream bulb is obtained.

3. The bulb so formed is inspected and measured with the help of a guide tool.
4. The reinforcement cage is then lowered in the bore hole so formed, along with the bulb.
5. A concreting funnel is then placed on the top of the bore hole.
6. Concrete is gradually placed in the hole, and compacted.
7. In the initial stages of concreting, the reinforcement cage can be raised and lowered in
concrete.

Construction of Under reamed pile :

Pile Load Test [ IS 2911- Part 4 ]
 It is reliable method of determining the carrying capacity of a pile.
 It can be performed either on a working pile which forms the foundation of structure or on a
test pile.
 The test load is applied with the help of a calibrated jack placed over a rigid circular or square
plate which in turn is placed on the head of the pile projecting above ground level.
 The reaction of the jack is borne by a truss or platform which may have gravity loading in the
form of sand bags etc.
 In the later case, under reamed piles or soil anchors may be used for anchoring the truss.
 Both arrangements are shown in next slide.
 The load is applied in equal increments of about one-fifth of the estimated allowable load.
 The settlements are recorded with the help of three dial gauges of sensitivity 0.02 mm,
symmetrically arranged over the test plate, and fixed to an independent datum bar.



2101CV301 Module 2 03 Deep Foundation

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Building Construction & Materials

Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara

Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara # 2101CV301  Unit 2 – Building Construction & Materials 3

Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara # 2101CV301  Unit 2 – Building Construction & Materials 4

 If the depth of footing greater to the Width of footing

 It is used when the soil bearing capacity is very low.

 It also known as “piling”.

Prof. Dhaval A. Jalalpara # 2101CV301  Unit 2 – Building Construction & Materials 5

- Cassion or well foundation

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 When piles are used ?

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Load bearing Non load Under

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4. Tension pile or uplift pile

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a) Concrete sheet piles b) Timber sheet piles c) Steel sheet piles

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 RCC piles are divided into two types

1) Cast in situ piles

 Piles should be vertical, straight, undamaged.

 The length of the casing can be adjustable in the subsoil condition

 it classify in to a) cased cast in situ piles

b) uncased cast in situ piles

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 Shell are rigid and water tight.

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 Various stages of forming pile:

I. Thin steel shell placed or set on concrete button

II. Both are driven up to required depth.

III. Steel corrugated shell inserted inside of steel pipe.

IV. The steel pipe withdrawn.

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 The size of piles may be 30 cm to 50 cm in cross-sectional dimension & length of up to 20 m