Unit -2

Modification of Database – Join Expressions –

Views – Integrity Constraints

Lecture 11

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Review of Previous Class Topic

• Aggregate Functions – Nested Sub queries

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Topic Outcome

• Modification of Database – Join Expressions –

Views – Integrity Constraints

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Modification of Database

We have restricted our attention until now to the extraction of

information from the database. Now, we show how to add,
remove, or change information with SQL.

Deletion : A delete request is expressed in much the same

way as a query. We can delete only whole tuples; we cannot
delete values on only particular attributes. SQL expresses a
deletion by

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Modification of Database

Delete all tuples in the instructor relation pertaining to

instructors in the Finance department

Delete all instructors with a salary between $13,000 and

$15,000

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Modification of Database

Delete all tuples in the instructor relation for those instructors

associated with a department located in the Watson building

This delete request first finds all departments located in

Watson, and then deletes all instructor tuples pertaining to
those departments

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Insertion

To insert data into a relation, we either specify a tuple to be

inserted or write a query whose result is a set of tuples to be
inserted. Obviously, the attribute values for inserted tuples
must be members of the corresponding attribute’s domain.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Insertion

Suppose that we want to make each student in the Music

department who has earned more than 144 credit hours, an
instructor in the Music department, with a salary of $18,000.
We write:

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Updates

In certain situations, we may wish to change a value in a tuple

without changing all values in the tuple. For this purpose, the
update statement can be used. As we could for insert and
delete, we can choose the tuples to be updated by using a
query.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Updates

SQL provides a case construct that we can use to perform

both the updates with a single update statement, avoiding the
problem with the order of updates.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Updates

The general form of the case statement is as follows

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Join Expressions

A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more

tables, based on a related column between them.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Nested Subqueries

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Views

We define a view in SQL by using the create view command.

To define a view, we must give the view a name and must
state the query that computes the view. The form of the
create view command is:

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Views

We define a view in SQL by using the create view command.

To define a view, we must give the view a name and must
state the query that computes the view. The form of the
create view command is:

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Integrity Constraints

Integrity constraints ensure that changes made to the

database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data
consistency.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Try it yourself

• Create table department with following fields

department name, building, budget.

• In this table department name should be

primary key

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Solution

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Try it yourself

• Create table course with following field course

id, title, department name, credits.

• In this table Course id should be primary key

• And also, department name should be foreign
key.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Solution

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Question

Expand DML __________________

a. Data-Definition Language
b. Data-Manipulation Language
c. Data Maintain Language
d. All of these

What is a foreign key?

A. A foreign key is a primary key of a relation which is an attribute in
another relation
B. A foreign key is a superkey of a relation which is an attribute in more
than one other relations
C. A foreign key is an attribute of a relation that is a primary key of
another relation..
D. A foreign key is the primary key of a relation that does not occur
anywhere else in the schema

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Evaluation Questionnaires

1. What is SQL?
2. What is DML?

3. What is Primary Key?

4. What foreign Key?

5. Define Check Constraints.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Next topic for Lect. 12

• SQL Data types and Schemas –

Accessing SQL from a Programming
Language

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23