Unit -2

Aggregate Functions – Nested Sub queries

Lecture 10

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Review of Previous Class Topic

• Additional Basic Operations – Set Operations – Null

Values

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Topic Outcome

• Aggregate Functions – Nested Sub queries

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Aggregate Functions

Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection (a set

or multiset) of values as input and return a single value. SQL
offers five built-in aggregate functions:

The input to sum and avg must be a

collection of numbers, but the other
operators can operate on collections
of nonnumeric data types, such as
strings, as well.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Basic Aggregation

Consider the query “Find the average salary of instructors in

the Computer Science department.” We write this query as
follow

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Aggregation with Grouping

There are circumstances where we would like to apply the

aggregate function not only to a single set of tuples, but also
to a group of sets of tuples; we specify this wish in SQL using
the group by clause. The attribute or attributes given in the
group by clause are used to form groups. Tuples with the
same value on all attributes in the group by clause are placed
in one group.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Nested Subqueries

SQL provides a mechanism for nesting subqueries. A subquery

is a select-from where expression that is nested within
another query. A common use of sub queries is to perform
tests for set membership, make set comparisons, and
determine set cardinality, by nesting subqueries in the where
clause.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Nested Subqueries

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Try it yourself

• Create table department with following fields

department name, building, budget.

• In this table department name should be

primary key

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Solution

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Try it yourself

• Create table course with following field course

id, title, department name, credits.

• In this table Course id should be primary key

• And also, department name should be foreign
key.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Solution

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Question

Expand DML __________________

a. Data-Definition Language
b. Data-Manipulation Language
c. Data Maintain Language
d. All of these

What is a foreign key?

A. A foreign key is a primary key of a relation which is an attribute in
another relation
B. A foreign key is a superkey of a relation which is an attribute in more
than one other relations
C. A foreign key is an attribute of a relation that is a primary key of
another relation..
D. A foreign key is the primary key of a relation that does not occur
anywhere else in the schema

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Evaluation Questionnaires

1. What is SQL?
2. What is DML?

3. What is Primary Key?

4. What foreign Key?

5. Define Check Constraints.

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23

 Next topic for Lect. 11

• Modification of Database – Join

Expressions – Views – Integrity
Constraints

21BCT3DA - Discipline Specific Core - RDBMS | ODD 2022-23