Disorders of Thyroid Glands

Name: Ahd Ullah

Program: BS Physiology
Course Title: Clinical Endocrinology
Teacher: Dr. Musadiq Idris
(Disorders of Thyroid Glands)

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Thyroid Glands
 Intro:
The thyroid gland which has two lops.
 Location:
Below the larynx and interior to the trachea in the neck.
 Thyroid Harmon Secretion:
is controlled by (TSH).

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Microscopic Structure

Gland Consist of Numerous Follicles

Wall of Follicles line by the Cuboidal epithelium.

Each Follicle contains colloid.

Parafollicular cells are present between the thyroid follicles.

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Hormones of Thyroid Gland

 Thyroxine:
(T4 is secreted by follicular cells.
 Triodothyronine
(T3) is secreted by follicular cells.
 Calcitonin:
is secreted by parafollicular cells.

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Disorders of Thyroid Gland
The Thyroid gland can be affected by various disorders. Here
are some common disorders of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism:
This condition occurs when the thyroid gland dose not
produce enough thyroid hormones.
 Symptoms:
• Fatigue.
• Weight gain.
• Cold intolerance.
• Constipation.
• Depression.

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism:
Hyperthyroidism is the opposite of hypothyroidism,
where the thyroid gland produces and excessive amount of
thyroid hormones.
 Symptoms:
• Weight Loss.
• Rapid Heartbeat.
• Nervousness
• Irritability.
• Increase Sweating.

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Graves ‘Disease’:
Graves ‘disease is another autoimmune disorder in
which the immune system stimulates the thyroid gland to
produces an excess of hormones. It is the most common
cause of hyperthyroidism.
 Clinical Aspects
• Fine tremor in the hands or fingers.
• Muscle weakness .
• Increased sensitivity to heat.
• Symptoms:
• Weight Loss.
• Anxiety
• Goiter.
Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Disorders of Thyroid Gland
Goiter:
The enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by
various factors, including iodine deficiency, Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis, Graves ‘disease.
 Clinical Aspects
• Visible swelling or enlargement of the neck.
• Feeling of tightness or pressure in the
throat.
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing (in severe
cases).

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Disorders of Thyroid Gland

 Thyroid Cancer:
Thyroid Cancer is the malignant growth of cells within
the thyroid gland. There are different types of thyroid
cancer, including papillary carcinoma, follicular, carcinoma,
medullary carcinoma, and anaplastic carcinoma. Treatment
options depend on the type and stage of the cancer.
 Clinical Aspects:
• Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
• Hoarseness or voice changes
• Difficulty swallowing

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
 Lab Test

Here are the names of specific laboratory tests commonly

used for thyroid evaluation.
o Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test.
o Free thyroxine (FT4) testTotal triiodothyronine
(T3) test.
o Free triiodothyronine (FT3) test.
o Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) test.
o Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) test.
o Thyroid ultrasound.
o Thyroid uptake and scan.
o Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).

Department of Physiology
Disorders of Thyroid Glands
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur