Course Title

Module #5 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________
Barcenilla, Matt Vincent N. Class number: _______
Section: BSN2-A15
____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
11/07/2022

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Human immunodeficiency virus, the cause of AIDS, is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. It is a member of a
genus of viruses called lentiviruses, in a family of viruses called Retroviridae (retroviruses). HIV is able to attach to and
invade cells bearing receptors that the virus recognizes. The most important of these receptors is designated CD4, and
cells possessing that receptor are called CD4+ cells. The most important of the CD4+ cells is the helper T cell. HIV
infections destroy these important cells of the immune system. Macrophages also possess CD4 receptors and can, thus,
be invaded by HIV. In addition, HIV is able to invade certain cells that do not possess CD4 receptors, but do possess
other receptors that HIV is able to recognize.

Mimivirus
An extremely large double-stranded DNA virus, called Mimivirus, has been recovered from amoebas. The virus was given
the name Mimivirus because it ―mimics‖ bacteria. It is so large that it can be observed using a standard compound light
microscope.

Plant Viruses
More than 1,000 different viruses cause plant diseases, including diseases of citrus trees, cocoa trees, rice, barley,
tobacco, turnips, cauliflower, potatoes, tomatoes, and many other fruits, vegetables, trees, and grains.

Viroid and Prions

Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant diseases. Plant diseases thought or known to be
caused by viroids include potato spindle tuber (producing small, cracked, spindle-shaped potatoes), citrus exocortis
(stunting of citrus trees), and diseases of chrysanthemums, coconut palms, and tomatoes.

Prions are infectious protein molecules that cause a variety of animal and human diseases e.g. scrapie in sheep and
goats; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); ―mad cow disease‖ and kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob (C-J) disease,
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease, and fatal familial insomnia in humans.

Kuru is a disease that was once common among natives in Papua, New Guinea, where women and children ate human
brains as part of a traditional burial custom (ritualistic cannibalism). If the brain of the deceased person contained prions,
then persons who ate that brain developed kuru. Kuru, C-J disease, and GSS disease involve loss of coordination and
dementia. Dementia, a general mental deterioration, is characterized by disorientation and impaired memory, judgment,
and intellect. In fatal familial insomnia, insomnia and dementia follow difficulty sleeping. All these diseases are fatal
spongiform encephalopathies, in which the brain becomes riddled with holes (sponge like).

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING (30 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in you answer/ratio is not allowed.
You are given 30 minutes for this activity:

1. Which one of the following steps occurs during the multiplication of animal viruses, but not during the multiplication of
bacteriophages?
a. assembly
b. biosynthesis
c. penetration
d. uncoating
ANSWER: ________D
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Uncoating is the process by which an incoming virus is disassembled in the host cell to release a replication-competent
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viral genome.
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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page 6

 Course Title
Module #5 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________
Barcenilla, Matt Vincent N. Class number: _______
Section: ____________
BSN2-A15 Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
11/07/2022

2. Which one of the following diseases or groups of diseases is not caused by prions?
a. certain plant diseases
b. chronic wasting disease of deer and elk
c. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease of humans
d. ―mad cow disease‖
ANSWER: ________
A
Instead of prions, they are caused by viroids which are infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant diseases.
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Plant diseases thought or known to becaused by viroids include potato spindle tuber (producing small, cracked,
________________________________________________________________________________________________
spindle-shaped potatoes), citrus exocortis (stunting of citrus trees), and diseases of chrysanthemums, coconut palms,
________________________________________________________________________________________________
and tomatoes.
4. Viruses are said to have specific properties that distinguish them from living cells. EXCEPT?
a. They are unable to replicate (multiply) on their own; their replication is directed by the viral nucleic acid once it has been
introduced into a host cell.
b. They divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis.
c. They lack the genes and enzymes necessary for energy production.
d. They depend on the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites (―building blocks‖) of the host cell for protein and nucleic
acid production
ANSWER: ________
B
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular. Instead, they use the machinery and
________________________________________________________________________________________________
metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves, and they assemble in the cell.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Viruses are said to have specific properties that distinguish them from living cells. EXCEPT?
a. They are unable to replicate (multiply) on their own; their replication is directed by the viral nucleic acid once it has been
introduced into a host cell.
b. They divide by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis.
c. They lack the genes and enzymes necessary for energy production.
d. They depend on the ribosomes, enzymes, and metabolites (―building blocks‖) of the host cell for protein and nucleic
acid production
ANSWER: ________ B
Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular. Instead, they use the machinery and
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves, and they assemble in the cell.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. The viruses that infect bacteria are known as?

a. temperate phages
b. icosahedron bacteriophages
c. virulent bacteriophages
d. bacteriophages
ANSWER: ________ D
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
The viruses that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophages (or simply, phages). Like all viruses, they are obligate
________________________________________________________________________________________________
intracellular pathogens, in that they must enter a bacterial cell to replicate.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page 7

 Course Title
Module #5 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________
Barcenilla, Matt Vincent N. Class number: _______
Section: ____________
BSN2-A15 Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: 11/07/2022
________________

6. A disease that was once common among natives in Papua, New Guinea, where women and children ate human brains
as part of a traditional burial custom (ritualistic cannibalism).
a. kuru
b. puru
c. duru
d. luru
ANSWER: ________ A
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
If the brain of the deceased person contained prions, then persons who ate that brain developed kuru. Kuru, C-J disease,
________________________________________________________________________________________________
and GSS disease involve loss of coordination and dementia. Dementia, a general mental deterioration, is characterized by
________________________________________________________________________________________________
disorientation and impaired memory, judgment, and intellect. In fatal familial insomnia, insomnia and dementia follow difficulty
sleeping. All these diseases are fatal spongiform encephalopathies, in which the brain becomes riddled with holes (sponge like).
7. After the virus particles are assembled, they must escape from the cell. How they escape from the cell depends on the
type of virus that it is. Some animal viruses escape by destroying the host cell, leading to cell destruction and some of the
symptoms associated with infection with that particular virus.
a. penetration
b. uncoating
c. biosynthesis
d. release
ANSWER: ________ D
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
For lytic viruses (most nonenveloped viruses), release is a simple process – the infected cell breaks open and releases the
________________________________________________________________________________________________
virus. Enveloped viruses acquire their lipid membrane as the virus buds out of the cell through the cell membrane, or into
________________________________________________________________________________________________
an intracellular vesicle prior to subsequent release.

8. Many viral pieces are produced. This step can be quite complicated, depending on what type of virus infected the cell. \
a. penetration
b. uncoating
c. biosynthesis
d. release
ANSWER: ________C
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
This step can be quite complicated, depending on what type of virus infected the cell. Some animal viruses do not initiate
________________________________________________________________________________________________
biosynthesis right away, but rather, remain latent within the host cell for variable periods.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. The viral pieces are assembled to produce complete viral particles. It is during this step that viral DNA is packaged up
into capsids
a. penetration
b. biosynthesis
c. assembly
d. release
ANSWER: ________C
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
Viral assembly, a key step in any viral life cycle, is a dynamic process driven by genetically programmed sequential
________________________________________________________________________________________________
morphogenetic reactions involving protein-protein associations and interactions between the viral genome and capsid proteins.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page 8

 Course Title
Module #5 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________________
Barcenilla, Matt Vincent N. Class number: _______
Section: ____________
BSN2-A15 Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________
11/07/2022

10. In this step, the phage injects its DNA into the bacterial cell, acting much like a hypodermic needle. From this point on,
the phage DNA ―dictates‖ what occurs within the bacterial cell.
a. penetration
b. biosynthesis
c. assembly
d. release
ANSWER: ________ A
This is sometimes described as the phage DNA taking over the host cell’s ―machinery.‖
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

6. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

7. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:_______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION Page 9