Binary Phase Diagrams and

Microstructures

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Madison, WI 53719, USA

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Copyright © CompuTherm LLC

1 1
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

2 2
 Isomorphous Systems
Isomorphous:
Two elements are completely soluble in each other in solid and
liquid states; substitutional solid state solution can be formed;
single type of crystal structure exists.

Hume-Rothery Rules:
(1) atoms have similar radii;
(2) both pure materials have same crystal structure;
(3) similar electronegativity (otherwise may form a compound
instead);
(4) solute should have higher valence.

Example:
Cu-Ni (slow cooling conditions), Mo-Nb, Mo-V, ...

3 3
 Isomorphous Systems

Temperature[ C]
o

Information from this diagram:

rve
Cu urv
e
1500
u i d u s
s C • Pure Ni melts at 1455oC
Liq u
lid o
1455 C
So o
1398 C • Pure Cu melts at 1085oC
L (Liquid solution)
1400 • Pure component melts at a
o
1382 C fixed temperature, an alloy
1300
melts in a temperature range.
L+a
• Cu-80at%Ni starts to melt at
1200
1382oC (solidus), and becomes
complete liquid at 1398oC
1100
1085oC a (Solid Solution) (liquidus)
• Liquid and solid coexist
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 between the liquidus and
Cu Atomic Percent of Ni Ni
solidus temperatures

4 4
 Temperat
Phase Diagram vs. Gibbs Energy Curve

o
1500

1400

L Information Obtained from both the Phase

1300
Diagram and the G-x Diagram:
1200 a At the given temperature T=1300oC
G(J/mol)

1100 1. On the left of xL, Liquid is most stable

x L
x a

1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2. On the right of xa, a phase is stable
Cu x(Ni) Ni
3. Between xL and xa the two-phase mixture is
-8.6E+04
T=1300oC
stable
-8.8E+04

a
 
G L  x ALGAL  xBLGBL  RT x AL ln x AL  xBL ln xBL  x AL xBL L
 RT x ln x  x
-9E+04
G  xA GA  xB GB 
A ln xA  xB 
B
 
x 
A B
L
-9.2E+04

-9.4E+04

-9.6E+04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ni) Ni

5 5
 Temperat

Temperat
Phase Diagram vs. Gibbs Energy Curve

o
1500 1500

1400 1400

1300 1300

1200 1200

G(J/mol)
G(J/mol)

1100 1100
x L
x
a
xL xa
1000 1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ni) Ni Cu x(Ni) Ni

-7.7E+04 -9.5E+04
T=1200oC T=1400oC

-7.9E+04 -9.7E+04

-8.1E+04 -9.9E+04

-8.3E+04 -1.01E+05

-8.5E+04 -1.03E+05

-8.7E+04 -1.05E+05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ni) Ni Cu x(Ni) Ni
6 6
 Temperat
Calculated Phase Diagram

o
1500

1400

L
1300

1200 a

1100

1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ni) Ni

Details Refer to:

1. Database: Database_Isomorphous_Cu-Ni.tdb
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Isomorphous

7 7
 Lever Rule

Temperature[ C]
o

1400 Finding the amounts of phases

in a two-phase region:
L x
1350 1. Locate composition and
Tie Line
temperature in diagram
L+a
2. In two-phase region draw the
1300 tie line
3. Fraction of a phase is
a determined by taking the
1250
R S length of the tie line to the
phase boundary for the other
CL C0 Ca phase, and divided by the
1200
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 total length of tie line
x(Ni)

S C  C0 R C  CL
FL    F   0
R  S C  CL R  S C  CL

8 8
 Temperat
Equilibrium Solidification

o
1400

a L
L
(61%Ni)
(50%Ni)
L
(50%Ni)
1350 L+a
a
L(45%Ni) (57%Ni)
a(61%Ni)
L(41%Ni) L
a(57%Ni) (45%Ni)
1300 L(38%Ni)
a(53%Ni)

L
1250 (41%Ni)
a
(53%Ni)
a a
(50%Ni)
1200
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

x(Ni)

9 9
 No
Temperature[
Non-Equilibrium Solidification

o
1400 L Non-equilibrium
(50%Ni)
L L solidus due to
(50%Ni) undercooling of the
a
(61%Ni) liquid phase and
L+a low diffusion in the
1350 a
solid phase

L(44%Ni) a(61%Ni) L
(44%Ni)

L(38%Ni) a(57%Ni)
1300
L(33%Ni) a(54%Ni) a
(57%Ni)
L(28%Ni) a(50%Ni)

1250
L
(38%Ni)

a(46%Ni) a
(54%Ni)

1200
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

x(Ni)
a
(50%Ni)
As-cast 70%Cu – 30%Ni alloy a
(46%Ni) L
showing a cored structure (33%Ni)

10 10
 Non-Equilibrium and Equilibrium Micro-structures

Non-Equilibrium Structure Equilibrium Structure

Fast cooling rate Very slow cooling rate
Ca changes during solidification Uniform Ca during solidification

Heat Treatment

Coring can be eliminated by means of a homogenization heat

treatment carried out at temperatures below the alloy’s solidus

11 11
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

12 12
 Temperature[ C]
Solvus
Eutectic Systems
o
i du s
Liqu
Information from this diagram:
• Eutectic reaction occurs at
1200
Liquid 779oC and 60.5 at% Ag:
1000 Eutectic Point L ↔ a1 + a2.
60.5
L+a1
L+a2
• Alloy (4.8%<xAg<87.7%) starts
800 a1
4.8 LiqEutectic
uidus
Isotherm 779oC 87.7 a2 to melt at eutectic reaction
600 temperature 779oC and
becomes complete liquid at
400 a1+a2
liquidus.
200 • Alloy (xAg<4.8% or xAg>87.7%)
transforms from two phases to
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 single phase when crossing
Cu Atomic Percent of Ag Ag
solvus from lower temperature,
starts to melt at solidus, and
becomes complete liquid at
liquidus.
13 13
 Temperatu
Temperatu
How Is A Eutectic Phase Diagram Calculated?

o
o
1200 1200

L L
1000 1000

a1 a1
800 a2 800 a2

600 600

400 400

G(J/mol)
G(J/mol)

200 200

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ag) Ag Cu x(Ag) Ag
-5.2E+04 -3.6E+04
T=900oC T=700oC

-5.7E+04 -4.1E+04

L
a
-6.2E+04 -4.6E+04

L
-6.7E+04 -5.1E+04

-7.2E+04 -5.6E+04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ag) Ag Cu x(Ag) Ag

14 14
 Tempera
o
How Is A Eutectic Phase Diagram Calculated?
1200

L
1000

a1
800 a2

600

400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu x(Ag) Ag

Details Refer to:

1. Database: Database_Eutectic_Cu-Ag.tdb
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Eutectic

15 15
 G(J/mol
Temperatu
Eutectic Phase Diagram Calculation (Another Example)

o
-2.3E+04

400 T=200oC

-2.5E+04

L
-2.7E+04
300

-2.9E+04
b

200 a L

G(J/mol)
-3.1E+04
b a

-3.3E+04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn
100
-2E+04
T=150oC

-2.2E+04
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn -2.4E+04

b
-2.6E+04
L

Details Refer to: -2.8E+04

a

1. Database: Database_Eutectic_Pb-Sn.tdb
-3E+04
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Eutectic 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn

16 16
 Temperature[ C]
Microstructure of a Eutectic Alloy, C0=CE=76 at% Sn
c10f13
o L
(76%Sn)
400 L
(76%Sn)
a
(31%Sn)
L
300
b
(98%Sn)

L+a a
(31%Sn)
200 a 187oC L+b
b b
0.31 0.76 0.98 (98%Sn)

100
a +b

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn

cooling The dark layers are Pb-rich

L(76 at% Sn)  (31 at% Sn)   (98 at% Sn) α phase, and the light
heating
layers are Sn-rich β phase.

17 17
Photo copyright by Metals Handbook Vol. 9, 1985.
 Lamellar Eutectic Microstructure

Pb
A two-phase lamellar b

microstructure resulting a Sn
from the solidification of a
b Pb
liquid having the eutectic
Eutectic
composition. a Sn growth
direction
b Pb

Compositions of α and β a Sn

phases are very different. b Pb Liquid

Solidification involves
redistribution of Pb and Sn a Sn
atoms by atomic diffusion. b Pb

18 18
 Temperature[ C]
Microstructure of a Solid Solution Alloy, C0< 2 at% Sn
c10f13

o
L
(C0)
400

L
L 300

a
L+a
200 a 187oC L+b
b
0.31 0.76 0.98

100
a +b
a
(C0)
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn

19 19
 Temperature[ C]
Microstructure of An Alloy That Exceeds Solubility Limit,
c10f13
2 < C0 < 31 at% Sn

o
L
(C0)
400

L L
300
a
L+a
200 a 187oC L+b
b
0.31 0.76 0.98
a
(C0)
100
a +b

0
a 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn
b

20 20
 Temperature[ C]
Microstructure of a Hypoeutectic Alloy, 31 < C 0 < 76 at% Sn
c10f13

o
L
L
a 400

L
L
a 300

L
b L+a
a
200 a 187oC L+b
b
0.31 0.76 0.98

Eutectic a Primary a 100

a +b

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pb x(Sn) Sn

The dark layers are Pb-rich α phase,

and the light layers are Sn-rich β phase.
Eutectic b Precipitate b

21 21
Photo copyright by Metals Handbook Vol. 9, 1985.
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

24 24
 Eutectoid Systems

Temperature[ C]
o

Information from this diagram:

• Fe-C stable phase boundaries
are represented by pink dot
1600

d lines, and Fe-Fe3C metastable

Liquid
1400 L+Graphite
phase boundaries are
1200
represented by blue solid lines.
L+Fe3C
g, Austenite • Fe3C phase is a line compound
1000
Fe3C, Cementite
(6.7 wt% of Carbon) without
800
any solubility.
• Carbon is an interstitial
600
a, Ferrite
impurity in iron and forms a
400
solid solution with the a, g, d
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
phases.
Fe Composition (wt% C)
• Eutectoid reaction is a solid
state reaction with no liquid
a, Ferrite g, Austenite
involved: g ↔ a + Fe3C.
25
25 Photo copyright by United States Steel Corporation.
 Formation of Pearlite
Due to the eutectoid reaction: g ↔ a + Fe3C, pearlite structure is formed.
Pearlite: alternating layers of a and Fe3C phases, not a single phase.

Temperature[ C]
• Nucleating at g grain boundaries.
• Growth by diffusion of carbon to achieve the compositions of a and Fe3C

o
(with structure changes).
• According to lever rule, the amount of a is much larger than that of Fe3C,
resulting in a much thicker a lamellae.
1000

Austenite g+Fe3C
g
grain
boundary
g
a 800
a+g g
g
Ferrite(a) Austenite a
(g)
Austenite Ferrite(a)
(g) 600 a
a+Fe3C
Ferrite(a)

Growth
Fe3C
Ferrite(a)
direction of
pearlite 400
a 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Cementite Carbon Fe Composition (wt% C)
(Fe3C) diffusion

26 26
Photo copyright by Metals Handbook Vol. 9, 1985.
 Temperature[ C]
Proeutectoid Microstructure

o
g
g
g 1600

d
L
1400
a
g
1200
g g, Austenite
g
1000

a
g 800
g
g a, Ferrite
600

Proeutectoid a
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fe Composition (w% C)

Fe3C
Eutectoid a

27 27Photo copyright by Republic Steel Corporation.

 Temperature[ C]
Hypereutectoid Microstructure

o
g
g
g 1600

d
L
1400
Fe3C
g
1200
g g, Austenite
g
1000

Fe3C
g 800
g
g a, Ferrite
600

}
Pearlite 400

Fe
0 1 2 3 4

Composition (w% C)
5 6

Fe3C

28
28 Photo copyright by United States Steel Corporation.
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

29 29
 Temperature[
Peritectic Systems
o

Information from this diagram:

2000
• Peritectic reaction occurs at
L 1186oC and 80 at% Ag:
L + g1 ↔ g2.
1500
L+g1
• Alloy (22%<xAg<59%) starts to
1186 oC 0.80
melt at peritectic reaction
0.22 0.59 L+g2
temperature 1186oC and
1000

g1
becomes complete liquid at
g1+g2 g2
liquidus.
• Alloy (xAg<22% or xAg>59%)
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 starts to melt at solidus, and
Pt x(Ag) Ag
becomes complete liquid at
liquidus.
Details Refer to:
1. Database: Database_Peritectic_Ag-Pt.tdb
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Peritectic

30 30
 Temperature[ C]

Temperature[ C]
How Is A Peritectic Phase Diagram Calculated?
o

o
2000 2000

L L

1500 1500
L+g1 L+g1

1186 oC 0.80 1186 oC 0.80

0.22 0.59 L+g2 0.22 0.59 L+g2

1000 1000

g1 g2 g1 g2
g1+g2 g1+g2
G(J/mol)

G(J/mol)
500 500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pt x(Ag) Ag Pt x(Ag) Ag

-8.5E+04 -7.5E+04
T=1200oC T=1100 oC

L
L
-9E+04 -8E+04

g
-9.5E+04 -8.5E+04 g

-1E+05 -9E+04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Pt Atomic Fraction of Ag Ag Pt Atomic Fraction of Ag Ag

31 31
 Temperature[ C
Microstructure in a Peritectic System, 22<C0<59 at% Ag
c10f13

o
L
2000

L
L

1500
g1

1186 oC 0.80
0.22 0.59
L
1000

g1 g2
g1
g2
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pt x(Ag) Ag
g1
g2

32 32
 Temperature[ C
Microstructure in a Peritectic System, C0=59 at% Ag
c10f13

o
L
2000

L
L

1500
g1

1186 oC 0.80
0.22 0.59
L 1000

g1 g2
g1
g2
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Pt x(Ag) Ag

g2

Precipitate g1
g2

33 33
 Temperature[ C
Microstructure in a Peritectic System, 59<C0<80 at% Ag
c10f13

o
L
2000

L
L

1500
g1

1186 oC 0.80
0.22 0.59
L 1000

g1 g2
g1
g2
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
L
Pt x(Ag) Ag

g2

g2

34 34
 Temperature[
Peritectic Systems (Another Example)
o

Information from this diagram:

3500
• Peritectic reaction occurs at
3000
1620oC and 86.9 at% Ni:
L
L + a ↔ b.
2500
• Alloy (18.4%<xNi<82.6%) starts
L+a
2000
to melt at peritectic reaction
0.869 temperature 1620oC and
a
0.826 becomes complete liquid at
o
1500 0.184 1620 C

b liquidus.
1000 a+b
• Alloy (xNi<18.4% or xNi>86.9%)
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
starts to melt at solidus, and
Re Atomic Fraction of Ni Ni becomes complete liquid at
liquidus.
Details Refer to:
1. Database: Database_Peritectic_Ni-Re.tdb
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Peritectic

35 35
 o

Temper

G(J/
Phase Diagram vs. Gibbs Energy Curve
-1.3E+05
3500 T=2000oC

-1.4E+05
3000
L
a

-1.5E+05 b
2500

L+a L

2000 -1.6E+05

a G(J/mol)

G(J/mol)
1500 -1.7E+05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Re x(Ni) Ni
b
1000 a+b
-7E+04 -9E+04
T=1400oC T=1620oC
500
0 0.2 0.4L 0.6 0.8 1 L

Re Atomic Fraction of Ni
-8E+04
Ni -1E+05

-9E+04 -1.1E+05
b b

-1E+05 -1.2E+05 a
a

-1.1E+05 -1.3E+05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Re x(Ni) Ni Re x(Ni) Ni

36 36
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

37 37
 Peritectoid Systems
Temperature[ C]
o

Information from this diagram:

• Peritectoid reaction is a solid
1000
state reaction without any
Liquid liquid involved.
800
• Peritectoid reaction occurs at
b
358oC and 18.6 - 24.8 at% Al:
600
a
a + x ↔ m.
a
x
400

200

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Ag Atomic Fraction of Al Al
Details Refer to:
1. Database: Database_Peritectoid_Ag-Al.tdb
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Peritectoid

38 38
 G(J/mo
Peritectoid Systems

Temperature[ C]
o -3.6E+04
m T=400oC

-3.8E+04
x

500 a
-4E+04

-4.2E+04

G(J/mol)
400
x
o
a 358 C -4.4E+04
G(J/mol)

0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

x(Al)
-3.2E+04
T=358oC
300
m
-2.8E+04 -3.4E+04
o
m T=300 C x

x
-3E+04 -3.6E+04

200 a
m
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Atomic
-3.2E+04Fraction of Al -3.8E+04
a

-3.4E+04 -4E+04
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

x(Al)

-3.6E+04
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

x(Al)
39 39
 Temperature[ C
Peritectoid Systems

o
500

400
x
a 358oC

300

200
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

Atomic Fraction of Al


40
40 Photos from Phase Diagrams in Metallurgy, F.N. Rhines.
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

41 41
 Temperatur
Monotectic Systems
o

Information from this diagram:

1000
• Monotectic reaction occurs at
Liquid

800
663oC and 6 at% In:
L1+L2
L1 ↔ a + L2.
L1 633oC L2
600 0.06 0.88 • Alloys of all compositions start
to melt at eutectic temperature
400
L+a 156oC: L ↔ a + b.
• Alloy (xIn<6at% or xIn>88at%)
200 156oC
becomes complete liquid at
a+b
liquidus.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
• Alloy (6at%<xIn<88at%)
Al Atomic Fraction of In In
becomes complete liquid
mixture (two liquids with
Details Refer to: different compositions) at
1. Database: Database_Monotectic_Al-In.tdb
663oC.
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Monotectic

42 42
 Temperat
Temperat
How Is A Monotectic Phase Diagram Calculated?

o
o
1000 1000

Liquid Liquid

800 800
L1+L2 L1+L2
L1 633 Co L2 L1 633oC L2
600 0.06 0.88 600 0.06 0.88

400 400
L+a L+a
G(J/mol)

G(J/mol)
200 156oC 200 156oC

G'(J/mol)
G'(J/mol)

a+b a+b
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Al Atomic Fraction of In In Al Atomic Fraction of In In

-3.5E+04
T=700oC -2.5E+04
5000 5000
T=700oC b T=600oC T=600oC
b b
a
4000 4000 b
-4.5E+04
-3.5E+04
a
3000 3000
G'=G-xAlGAl,L-xInGIn,L G'=G-xAlGAl,L-xInGIn,L
-5.5E+04 a L
2000 2000
-4.5E+04 a
L

1000 1000

-6.5E+04
-5.5E+04 L
0 0
L

-1000 -1000
-7.5E+04 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -6.5E+04
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x(In) In x(In) In
Al x(In) In Al x(In) In

43 43
 Temperature[ C
Microstructure of Al-In System
o

1000
Al64In36
Liquid The Al64In36 (at.%) alloy in a graphite
800
container solidified at about 0.25 K/s
L1+L2 resulting in one layer on top of another.
L1 633oC L2
600 0.06 0.88

Al-rich
400
L+a

200 156oC In-rich

a+b
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Al Atomic Fraction of In In

44 44Photo from J Mater Sci (2012) 47:8360–8366.

 G(J/
Temperatu

G'(J/
Monotectic Phase Diagram (Another Example)

o
-4E+04 T=970oC
T=970oC
1500

1200 G'=G-xAlGAl,L-xInGIn,L
-6E+04
Liquid 500
g
g
o
L1+g L1 982 C L2
o
900 0.23 953 C 0.58 -8E+04
-500 L
L

-1E+05
-1500

600

G(J/mol)
L+g
-1.2E+05
-2500
0 0 0.20.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 11

Cu x(Pb)
x(Pb) Pb
Pb

300
-2E+04
g1+g2 T=800oC

-4E+04 g
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Cu Atomic Fraction of Pb Pb
-6E+04

Details Refer to: -8E+04

1. Database: Database_Monotectic_Cu-Pb.tdb
-1E+05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Monotectic Cu x(Pb) Pb

45 45
 Types of Binary Phase Diagrams

• Isomorphous Systems
• Eutectic Systems
• Eutectoid Systems
• Peritectic Systems
• Peritectoid Systems
• Monotectic Systems
• Syntectic Systems

46 46
 Temperature
Syntectic Systems
o
Information from this diagram:
1000 • Syntectic reaction occurs at
Liquid 557oC: L1+ L2 ↔ NaZn13.
815oC
800
• Alloys (xZn<92.3at%) start to
L1+L2 melt at eutectic temperature
600 L1 L2
0.094 o
557 C
98oC: L ↔ a+NaZn13.
0.944
400
• Alloys (xZn>92.3at%) start to
419oC
melt at eutectic temperature
200 419oC: L ↔ b+NaZn13.
98oC • Alloy (xZn<9.4at% or xZn>94.4at
a b
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1%) becomes complete liquid at
Na Atomic Fraction of Zn Zn liquidus.
• Alloy (9.4at%<xZn<94.4at%)
Details Refer to: becomes complete liquid
1. Database: Database_Syntectic_Na-Zn.tdb mixture (two liquids with
2. Tutorial Video: Binary_Syntectic different compositions) at
47 47 557oC.
 Summary of Invariant Reactions in Binary Systems

Reaction Symbolic Schematic Example

equation presentation

Eutectic L↔α+ β a
L
b
Cu-Ag, Pb-Sn, Al-Si

Eutectoid α↔β+ γ b
a Fe-C
g

Peritectic L+ α↔β a L Cu-Fe, Pb-In

b
Peritectoid α+ β↔γ a b Al-Cu
g
Monotectic L1↔L2+ α L1 Cu-Pb, Al-In
a L2
a1
Monotectoid α1↔α2+ β b a2 Al-Zn

Syntectic L1+ L2↔α L1 L2 Na-Zn

a

48 48
 Binary Phase Diagrams
Use of regular solution model parameters to
generate different types of binary phase diagram

• Hypothetical elements A and B both present Fcc () structure

in their solid states.

• Both liquid and solid phases are described using regular

solution models.

G L  x ALGAo, L  xBLGBo, L  RT x AL ln x AL  xBL ln xBL  x AL xBL 0L

G  xA GAo,  xBLGBo,  RT xA ln xA  xB ln xB  xA xB  0

49 49
 Phase Diagram Using Regular Solution Parameters

T[K]

T[K]
1200 1200
e0(Liquid)=0 e0(Liquid)=0
e0(Fcc)=0 e0(Fcc)=2000
1150 1150

1100 1100

1050 1050

1000 1000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

A x(B) B A x(B) B

50 50
 Phase Diagram Using Regular Solution Parameters

T[K]

T[K]
1400 1200

e0(Liquid)=0 e0(Liquid)=0
e0(Fcc)=-5000 e0(Fcc)=5000
1100

1200

1000

1000

900

800 800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

A x(B) B A x(B) B

51 51
 Phase Diagram Using Regular Solution Parameters

T[K]

T[K]
1200 1200
e0(Liquid)=0 e0(Liquid)=0
e0(Fcc)=10000 e0(Fcc)=15000

1000 1000

800 800

600 600

400 400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

A x(B) B A x(B) B

52 52
 Phase Diagram Using Regular Solution Parameters

T[K]

T[K]
1200 1400
e0(Liquid)=16000 e0(Liquid)=20000
e0(Fcc)=18000 e0(Fcc)=25000
1200
1100

1000

1000

800

900
600

800 400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

A x(B) B A x(B) B

53 53
 Acknowledgement
• Many of the slides are reproduced based on the
book: Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction, 8th Edition, William D. Callister, Jr.
David G. Rethwisch.

54 54
 For Download

• The PowerPoint file and related thermodynamic

database files are available for downloading
under the directory: Resources/Downloads.

• Thank you for your interest.

55 55