MATERIAL SCIENCE AND

METALLURGY
REKHA N
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
One Component Phase Diagram

1000

100

10 Liquid(Water)
Solid(Ice)
Pressure (atm)

1.0

0.1

O Vapor(Steam)
0.01

0.001
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (°C)
Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.2 . Pressure–temperature phase diagram for H2O.
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

Phase Diagrams
• Indicate phases as a function of Temperature, Composition and Pressure.
• Focus on:
- binary systems: 2 components.
- independent variables: T and C (P = 1 atm is almost always used).

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E

 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
BINARY ISOMORPHOUS SYSTEMS
Copper- Nickel System
1600

1500 L liquidus
1400
Temperature (°C)

1300
1200
solidus a
1100
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Composition (wt% Ni) Ni

Melting points: Cu = 1085°C, Ni = 1453 °C

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.3 . The copper–nickel phase diagram.
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

Effect of Temperature & Composition (Co)

• Change in temperature can change phase: path A to B.

• Change in composition can also change phase: path B to C.
Copper- Nickel System
1600

1500 L
1400 liquidus
Temperature (°C)

B C
1300 Solidus
1200 a
1100
A
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Composition (wt% Ni) Ni
Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.3 . The copper–nickel phase diagram.
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
Solidus - Temperature where alloy is completely solid. Above this line,
liquefaction begins.
Liquidus - Temperature where alloy is completely liquid. Below this
line, solidification begins.
Copper- Nickel System
1600

1500 L
liquidus
1400
Temperature (°C)

1300 solidus
1200
a
1100
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Composition (wt% Ni) Ni

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.3 . The copper–nickel phase diagram.
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
Gibbs Phase Rule
• Phase diagrams and phase equilibrium are subject to the laws of
thermodynamics.
• Gibbs phase rule is a criterion that determines how many phases can coexist
within a system at equilibrium.

P+F=C+N

P: Number of phases present

F: Degrees of freedom (temperature,
pressure, composition)
C: Components or compounds
N: Noncompositional variables
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

Example: Copper- Silver phase diagram

Temperature
(°C)

Cu Ag
Composition (wt% of Ag)

Pressure(1atm)
P+F=C+N
Parameter:
N -1(temperature), C- 2 (Cu and Ag), P- 1(Single phase)
F = 2+1-1 = 2

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Section- 9.17
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
Rules Governing Phase Diagram
• Rule 1: If we know Temperature and Composition(Co), then
phases present can be known.

Examples:
A(1100,60)

B(1250,35)
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
Copper- Nickel System
1600
A = (1100,60)
1500 L a Phase
liquidus
1400
Temperature (°C)

1300 B solidus B = (1250,35)

1200 a L and a Phase
1100
A
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Composition (wt% Ni) Ni

Melting points: Cu = 1085°C, Ni = 1453 °C

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.3 . The copper–nickel phase diagram and Phase Diagrams
by Eileen Henderson, Slideplayer.com
MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

• Rule 2: If we know Temperature and Composition(Co), then the

composition of each phase can be known.

Examples: C0 = 35 wt% Ni
At A = 1320°C

At B = 1190°C

At C = 1250°C
 MATERIAL SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

Copper- Nickel System

A C = 1250°C:
1300 L
tie line Both a and L present
CL = C liquidus = 32 wt% Ni
Temperature (°C)

C
Ca = C solidus = 43 wt% Ni
1200
B
a
20 30 32 35 40 43 50
Cu Composition (wt% Ni) Ni

A = 1320°C: B = 1190°C:
Only Liquid (L) present Only Solid (a) present
CL = C0 = 35 wt% Ni) Ca = C0 = 35 wt% Ni)

Adapted from Material Science and Engineering, William D. Callister ,9E, Fig.9.3 . The copper–nickel phase diagram and Phase Diagrams
by Eileen Henderson, Slideplayer.com
THANK YOU

N.REKHA
Department of Mechanical Engineering
rekhan@pes.edu