Digital Logic Design

(CS-306)

Lecture 1
Digital Systems and Binary Numbers

Instructor

Sibgha zia
Department of Computer Science
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad sub campus Burewala
Number Systems
 You are accustomed to working with decimal numbers. In digital systems
consisting of 1’s and 0’s, binary or hexadecimal numbers are often more
convenient. This section introduces the various number systems that will
be used throughout the rest of the book.
Decimal Number
In elementary school, you learned to count and do arithmetic in decimal.
Just as you (probably) have ten fingers, there are ten decimal digits: 0, 1, 2, …, 9.
Decimal digits are joined together to form longer decimal numbers.
Each column of a decimal number has ten times the weight of the previous
column. From right to left, the column weights are 1, 10, 100,1000, and so on.
Decimal numbers are referred to as base 10. The base is indicated by a subscript
after the number to prevent confusion when working in more than one base. For
example, Figure 1.4 shows how the decimal number 974210 is written as the sum
of each of its digits multiplied by the weight of the corresponding column.
An N-digit decimal number represents one of 10N possibilities: 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 10N
− 1. This is called the range of the number.
For example, a three-digit decimal number represents one of 1000 possibilities in
the range of 0 to 999.
Binary numbers
 Bits represent one of two values, 0 or 1, and are joined together to form binary
numbers. Each column of a binary number has twice the weight of the previous
column, so binary numbers are base 2.
 An N-bit binary number represents one of 2N possibilities: 0, 1, 2, 3,…,2N− 1. Table
1.1 shows 1, 2, 3, and 4-bit binary numbers and their decimal equivalents.
Example 1.1
BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

 Convert the binary number 101102 to decimal.

 Solution:
Example 1 solution
 101102 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21+ 0 × 20 = 2210
Example 1.2
DECIMAL TO BINARY CONVERSION

 Convert the decimal number 8410 to binary