KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

SUBJECT : OIL AND GAS SUPPLY CHAIN

DEPARTMENT : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WITH OIL ANG GAS
TEACHER : MR. WALID SULEIMAN MUHAMMED
MEMBER : 1. KASSIM MOH’D MZEE
2. KOMBO HAJI ALI
3. MAHIR SAID ALLY
4. MOHAMMED HASSAN KHAMIS
5. OMAR SAID MUSSA
6. SAMIR HAJI ALI
7. ZUHURA HAMAD ALI
 INTRODUCTION
• Distribution Infrastructure in oil and gas are
buildings facilities, installations and equipments
required by energy company to run their
operations
• These infrastructure are categorized in three
stages
• Upstream
• Midstream
• Downstream
 Cont…
• UPSTREAM: This sector is known as exploration
and production sector and including many
distribution infrastructure in oil and gas
• Exploration and Production Involves
operations in searching for underground or
underwater oil and gas fields and drilling
exploratory wells and at the same time,
operating the wells that recover to re-direct
the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface
The infrastructures used in exploration are;
• Geophones: Is a device that converts ground movement
(velocity) into voltage, which maybe recorded at a recording
station.

• Magnetometer: Is a device that measures magnetic field or

magnetic dipole moment
• Gravitometer: Is a direct-reading instrument for the
measurement of specific gravities of solids, liquids
or gases
• Derrick : is a lifting device
which mainly used to
support drilling apparatus
in oil rig and It consist of
equipment such as drill bit,
drill pipe, mud motor,
mud pump, Separator, pump
jack etc.
• Drill bit is a device attached to the end of the drill string
that breaks apart the rock being drilled. It contains jets
through which the drilling fluid exits.
• Pump jack : located over ground and its used To
mechanically lift liquid Out of the well if not Enough bottom
hole pressure exists for the liquid To flow all the way up to
the surface
That liquid or gas is transported through pipeline to a
separator
• Separator : its separate water, oil and gas from the well

Crude oil/natural gas may consist water and various

contaminants. Separator is used to split the flow into desirable
fractions. separator received crude oil/gas and then separate as
shown in picture below. After that store the gas and liquid to a
storage tank
CONT..

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• Pipeline: It installed for transmission of crude oil and
natural gas for further process.
 MIDSTREAM

• Midstream: It involves processing, store and transports

crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids.
• Many infrastructure of distribution in oil and gas are
included in this sector
• For gas : natural gas obtained from storage tank is
processed to LNG(liquefied nature gas ) storage and
regasification
• For oil: Crude oil from storage tank distributed to a fractional distillation system

(tower). Fractional distillation process aimed to refine oil into different product

such as kerosene, bitumen, diesel etc. And then to distribute them to obtained

storage tank
 DOWNSTREAM
Downstream: Includes operations that processes and stores,
markets and transports crude oil, natural gas liquids like
ethane, butane and propane.

The downstream sector includes:

all oils refineries and petrochemical plants,
petroleum product distribution via the affiliated retail
outlets
and natural gas distribution companies, within the
operations.

The downstream industry markets products such as petrol

and diesel and jet fuel, asphalt, lubricants, plastics
fertilizers, antifreeze and even pharmaceuticals and
cosmetics.
 The following are among the processes carried out during

downstream
• Product isolation : remove of content/element whose
properties vary considerably from that of desired product
• Removal of insoluble : dealing with removing component
that are not soluble
• Product purification : dealing with separating contaminant
that resemble the product very closely in physical and
chemical properties
• Product polishing : is final processing step which end
with packaging of the product in form that is stable easily
transportable and convenient.
IN SUMMARY

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TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OF OIL ANG GAS IN INDUSTRY

• Petroleum transport is the transportation of petroleum

and derivatives such as gasoline (petrol)
• Petroleum is transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker
vessels, and through pipelines.
• Which method is used to move this oil depends on the
amount that is being moved and its destination.
• The biggest problems with moving this oil are pollution
and the chance of being spilled.
• Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic
to living animals

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 Marine Vessels
• Marin vessels and barges can transport this petroleum all
around the world.
• Because these vessels can carry a lot of fuel, the amount
it costs per barrel to move this oil is very cheap.
• These tankers are also the only practical way to move
crude oil across the oceans.
• Barges are more like tankers, but smaller and do not have
any method of propulsion to move them. They are often
pushed or towed by tugs.
• This makes barges very ineffective for transporting this oil
for long distances.

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 Marine Vessels

• Barges are also not applicable for traveling across

rough seas, so they are used in calmer waters.
• However, these barges are usually used for
transporting the fuel shorter distances

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 Rail cars
• Tank cars are another way to move crude oil across a
landmass.
• The oil is loaded into the tank cars, and are moved by a
diesel train across the rails to the refinery or the train’s
planned destination.
• Trains can carry a massive amount of this oil by using of
multiple tank cars.
• Though each rail car holds a lot less oil than a large
marine tanker vessel, when multiple are used a lot of oil
can be transported.
• For example, the DOT-111 tank car is a very common
tank car and can hold 34,500 US gallons (820 bbl;
131 m3). 21
 Rail cars

• If ten tank cars were pulled the train would be

carrying 345,000 US gallons (8,200 bbl;
1,310 m3) of oil, so the amount of volume
increases rapidly.
• The locomotive used to pull these rail cars have a
massive amount of horsepower and can be
hooked up with other locomotives to increase the
power, making the rail car a fairly cost effective
way to move this oil.
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 Truck
• Tank trucks are used more like rail cars are, but they will
usually transport refined fuel to a fuel station, like a gas
station.
• Trucks are usually used to carry smaller capacities of oil
short distances. Like rail cars, these trucks can carry
several different forms of this petroleum, including
petroleum in its crude oil form from oilfields to refineries
when no other means of transport such as pipeline or rail
is available.
• However, these trucks often deliver this fuel to gas
stations, or deliver the fuel straight to the consumer.
• They also are used in situations where it would be
illogical to use rail cars, pipelines and tanker ships. 23
 Truck

• Gas stations do not require large amounts of fuel,

and generally could not practically be connected
to railways, trucks allow a rational and cost
effective way to deliver the fuel to the consumers.
• Common sizes of their tanks range from 400 up
to 7,500 US gallons.

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 Pipeline

• Pipelines used in the oil and gas industry vary

according to many factors, such as the ‘product’
to be transported, the delivery stage and whether
• it’s part of the upstream, midstream or
downstream sector.
• Below are brief descriptions of the main types of
pipeline and their overall purpose.
 1.Gathering Pipeline
• Gathering pipelines are used to deliver the oil or gas product from
the source to processing plants or storage tanks.
• These are commonly fed by ‘Flow lines’, each connected to
individual wells in the ground.
• Additionally, subsea pipes used for collecting product from deep
water production platforms are included in this category
• Typical products carried by gathering pipelines include; natural
gas, crude oil (or combinations of these 2 products), natural gas
liquids, such as ethane, butane and propane.  
• In a gathering pipeline, raw gas is usually carried at pressures of
approximately 715 psi.

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 1.Gathering Pipeline

• Compared to other pipelines, lengths in this

category are relatively short – approximately 200
meters long.
•  They are typically much smaller than
transmission pipelines, usually under 18”
diameter (but for crude oil typically 2 – 8”),
• Recent developments in shale production have
seen gathering lines are being used with
diameters as large as 20”.
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 Transmission Pipelines
• Transmission pipelines are used to transport crude oil,
NGLs, natural gas and refined products for long
distances across states, countries and continents.
• They are used to move the product from the production
regions to distribution centers
• Transmission pipelines operate at high pressures,
ranging from 200 up to 1,200 psi
• Transmission line using compressor stations (for gas
lines) and pump stations (for crude oil and liquid
products).
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 Transmission Pipelines

• Typical reasons for the failure of transmission

lines include pipe seam failures, corrosion,
material failure and defective welding
• These large pipes are up to 42” diameter, with
most being more than 10” diameter.

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 Distribution Pipeline

• Distribution pipelines are a system made up of

‘mains’ and ‘service’ lines, used by distribution
companies.
• Together they deliver natural gas to the
neighbourhoods of homes and businesses.

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 Distribution Pipeline
• Main Pipeline :Distribution pipelines classed as ‘mains’
are the step between high-pressure transmission lines and
low-pressure service lines. Materials used for these pipes
include steel, cast iron, plastic and copper. Pressures can
vary considerably and go up to approximately 200psi.
• Service Pipeline : Service pipelines connect to a meter
and deliver natural gas to individual customers. Materials
used for service pipes include plastic, steel or copper.
Pressure of the gas in these pipes is low at around 6psi.
• ‘Mains’ distribution pipelines are small to medium sized
(from 2” to 24” diameter). ‘Service’ pipelines use narrow
pipes (usually less than 2” diameter).
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 Flowlines

• In an actively producing oilfield, flowlines

connect to a single wellhead.
• Their purpose is to move the raw product from
the wellhead to the gathering lines.
• They carry a mixture of oil, gas, water and sand
and are normally no more than 12” diameter in
size.

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 Feeder Pipelines

• Feeder pipelines are used to move the product

from processing facilities and storage tanks to the
long-distance transmission pipelines. 
• The product may be crude oil, natural gas or
natural gas liquids. Feeder lines are typically 6 to
12” diameter.

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 STORAGE TANK
• Storage tanks are used throughout the oil and gas industry for
the bulk containment of fluids at different stages of the
refinery process.
• Most often, products are stored for a short time before being
transported for further processing.
• The American Petroleum Institute’s API 650 standard
outlines minimum requirements for the design, fabrication,
erection, and inspection of welded storage tanks in the oil
and gas industry.
• In this blog, we’ll look at the two most common types of
tanks used for these applications: fixed roof and floating roof
tanks. 34
 STORAGE TANK

• Fixed Roof Storage Tanks :API 650 prescribes

storage tank design requirements that minimize
the risk of structural failure and potential damage
to the environment.
• The standard does not prescribe tank dimensions
or features that should be included in the design.
These are specified by users to suit their individual
needs and application.

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Some primary features of fixed roof storage tanks include:

• Vapor vent – The vapor vent is an essential feature of a tank

and is often called a breather valve. Without a properly
functioning vapor vent, tanks are subject to damage from the
buildup of pressure when filling. They also are at risk of
imploding from the vacuum created during emptying.
• Relief valve – Relief valves are designed to relieve excess
pressure should it rise above the safe operating limit.
• Inert gas blanket – Inert gas blankets are used to displace
air that may form an explosive or flammable mixture with
vapors from volatile liquids in the tank. Nitrogen is often
used for this purpose.
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Some primary features of fixed roof storage tanks include:

• Drain– Drains are used to remove any water that

separates from the product. They also are used to
empty the tank during cleaning operations.
• Fire protection – Tanks are often fitted with a
ring of nozzles that spray foam into and over the
surface of the tank in the event of a fire.

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 Floating Roof Storage Tanks

• Many tanks are designed with a roof that floats on top of the
liquid.
• The floating roof moves up and down as the level of liquid in
the tank changes during filling, emptying or with ambient
temperature variation.
• A floating roof minimizes the amount of vapor between it
and the liquid, leaving little space for evaporation and
reducing vapor losses.
• In many older tanks, the floating roof is merely a large flat
disc covering the surface of the liquid. However, in recent
years, the design of floating roofs has substantially improved
to minimize vapor loss. 38
 There are two main types of floating roof storage tanks in
use today.
• • The pontoon roof – Pontoons are closed compartments
that are fitted to the outer edge of a central plate under the
roof, which allow the roof to float on top of the liquid.
• • The double-deck roof – As the name suggests, this
design incorporates two decks of steel plates separated by
compartments covering the entire surface area of the
decks.
• This provides added stability and is advantageous because
the lower deck in closest proximity to the liquid is not
exposed to the sun’s rays, which considerably reduces
vapor losses.
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 The Right Tank is Application-Specific

• Choosing the right type of storage tank will largely

depend on the specific needs of the operator.
• As well as the unique requirements of the
application. In all cases, ensuring that tanks and
pressure vessels are designed, fabricated, and
installed/erected in accordance with all applicable
standards is critical to minimizing vapor losses,
maximizing useful life, and preserving the safety of
individuals working in and around the tank.

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 THE END

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