DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• D B M S?
• Database?
• Primary goals of DBMS:
i. Convenient and efficient environment.
ii. Safety of information.
iii. Avoiding concurrent access anomalies.
• File – processing system(supported by O.S):
Disadvantages:
i. Data redundancy and Inconsistency.
ii. Difficulty in accessing data.
iii. Data isolation.
iv. Concurrent access anomalies.
v. Security problems.
vi. Integrity problems. 1
 Data abstraction:
Abstraction:
Levels of abstraction:
i. Physical level:
ii. Conceptual level:
iii. View level:

View 1 View 2 View n

Conceptual level

Physical level
2
 Data models: A collection of conceptual tools for describing data,
data relationships, data semantics, and consistency constraints.

I. Object – based logical models:

- Used in describing data at the conceptual and view levels.
- Characterized by the facts that they provide fairly flexible
structuring capabilities and allow data constraints to be specified
explicitly.

i. The entity – relationships model.

ii. The object - oriented model.
iii. The binary model.
iv. The semantic data model.
v. The info logical model.
vi. The functional data model. 3
II. Record – Based logical models:
- Used in describing data at the conceptual and view levels.
- The databases is structured in fixed – format records of several types.

i. Relational model:
- Data and relationships among data represented by a collection of
tables.

ii. Network model:

- Data represented by collections of records and relationships among
data are represented by links.
- The records in the database are organized as collections of arbitrary
graphs.

iii. Hierarchical model:

- Similar to network model.
- The records are organized as collection of trees. 4
 A sample Relational database:
customer custAcct Accounts
Name Street City Name Number Number Balance
Ganesh 90
90 1000
Ganesh MGR Bombay
Shiva 56
56 10000
Shiva Miyya Kanpur
Shiva 47
47 15000

kaveri Racecourse Banglore kaveri 10

10 200
kaveri 47

 A sample Network database:

Ganesh MGR Bombay 90 1000

56 10000
Shiva Miyya Kanpur
47 15000

kaveri Rasscourse Racecourse

10 200 5
 A sample hierarchical database:

Ganesh MGR bombay shiva miyya kanpur kaveri Racecorse Banglore

90 1000 56 10000 47 15000 47 15000 10 200

6
III. Physical data models:
- used to describe data at the lowest level.
i. Unifying model.
ii. Frame memory.

 Instance of the database: The collection of information stored in

the database at a particular moment in time.

 The database scheme: The overall design of the database.

Data Independence: The ability to modify a scheme definition in
one level without affecting a scheme definition in the next higher level
is called data independence.
i. Physical data independence: Occasionally necessary in order to
improve performance.
ii. Logical data independence: necessary whenever the logical
structure of the database is altered. 7
Data Definition Language (DDL):
 A database scheme is specified by a set of definitions which are
expressed by a special language called DDL.
 The result of compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables which are
stored in special file called data dictionary (or directory).
Data Manipulation Language (DML):
 This enables users to access or manipulate data organized by the
appropriate data model.
- retrieval.
- insertion.
- deletion.
- modification.
Procedural DMLs.
Non procedural DMLs.
A query.
A query language.
8
Database Manager:
A program module which provides the interface between the low level data
stored in the database and the application programs and queries submit to
the system. Responsible for…
i. Interaction with the file manager.
ii. Integrity enforcement.
iii. Security enforcement.
iv. Backup and recovery.
v. Concurrency control.
Database Administrator (DBA): The person having central control over
the system.
 Functions:
i. Scheme definition.
ii. Storage structure access method definition.
iii. Scheme and physical organization modification.
iv. Granting of authorization for data access.
v. Integrity constraint specification. 9
Overall System Structure:
Naive Application Sophisticated DBA
Users programmers users

Application Application Database

query
interface programs scheme

D DML Query
DDL compiler
precompiler processor
B
M
S
Application programs
object code DM

File manager

Data files
Disk storage Data
dictionary 10
References:

I. Database system concepts (2nd edition) By: Henry F.korth,

Abraham silberschatz( McGraw-Hill International)
II. Principles of database systems. By : J.D. Ullman (Golgotia
publications)
III. An introduction to database systems. Vol . I (3rd edition). By : C.
J. Date (Addisun - wesley/Noroxa).
IV. Introduction to object – oriented databases. By: Won kim (MJT
press).
V. Database engineering. By: Maier.
VI. The theory of database concurrency control. By: christcs
papaclimitron (computer science press).
VII.Concurrency control and reliability in distributed systems. By:
Bharat k. Bhargava.
11