Present Perfect

• S+ have /has NOT +Vpast participle

• He hasn`t gone to school.
Time?? • They haven`t needed to go home.
• S+ have /has+ V past participle Questions
Base form Past Past participle Have /Has +S+ VPast participle?
Go Went gone • Has he gone to school?
Need Needed needed • Have they needed to go home?
• He has gone to school. Wh+have /has +S +Vpast participle?
• He`s gone to school. • Where has he gone?
• Why have they needed to go home?
• They have needed to go home.
• They´ve needed to go home

*He went to school yesterday.

• Yet (-, ?) • Before (+, -, ?)
• I haven´t seen the movie yet. • I have been here before .
• I haven´t yet seen the movie. • She hasn´t eaten sushi before.
• Have you read this book before?
• Already(+, ?)
• She has already gone to class.
• She has gone to class already.

• Ever(-, ?)
• Have you ever eaten sushi?

• I haven`t ever gone to Europe.

• I have never gone to europe
Present perfect

Lately/ recently /just

• He has recently /just seen tht movie.
• He has seen that movie recently
• Present perfect progressive

• He has been working recently

Present perfect
• I have lived here for 2 years. • Still (-)
• I have lived here Since 2018. • I still haven`t eaten lunch.
For = period of time So far
Since =the starting point • He has seen that movie ten times so
far.
Always
• I have always liked salteña.
Ordinals and superlatives
• This is the first time I have eaten
sushi.
• That was the most interesting movie I
have seen
Lately/ recently /just
• He has recently /just seen tht
movie.
• He has seen that movie recently.
 Present perfect
• S + have /has + Vpast participle

• I have already read the book. (Already, yet ,ever, before, still , etc)

• I have read the book three times.

• I have read the book since last Monday.

• I have read the book for three days.

• Present perfect continuous

• S + have /has + been + Ving
• I have been reading the book since last Monday.
• I have been reading the book for three days.
Present Perfect Continuos
• S +have/has + been + V ing
• He has been cooking for 2 hours.
• They have been living here since 2009.
Questions
• Have/has + S + been + Ving ?
• Have you been reading that book these days?
• Has she been cooking all day ?
Present perfect continuous can be used to talk about a just finished
action.
• You have been smoking . It smells bad here.
• They have been studing. Their books are on the table.
•V ing
• read ing
• stop ping
•x – y – w
• Fix ing
• Play ing
• Snow ing
• Open ing
• Forget ting
Negative questions
• Today is Monday.
• Is it Monday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Isn´t it Monday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Confirm information
• Won`t the exam be tomorrow?
• Someone to agree
• Wasn`t the food delicious?
• Express surprise
• Haven`t you eaten lunch yet?
• ---- you eating pizza now?
• ----you eat pizza every day?
• ---- you eaten pizza before?
• ----- you eat pizza yesterday?
• Aren`t you eating pizza now?
• Don`t you eat pizza every day?
• Haven`t you eaten pizza before?
• Didn`t you eat pizza yesterday?
Gerund and infinitives
Pepito is a noun
• Pepito is fun.
• I love Pepito.
• We were talking about Pepito.
• The most important thing is Pepito.
Gerund Ving= noun
• Dancing is fun.
• I love dancing.
• We were talking about dancing.
• The most important thing is dancing.
Infinitive To +Vbase Form = Noun
• To dance is fun.
• I love to dance.
We were talking about dancing.
• The most important thing is to dance.
 LIKE – WANT – WOULD LIKE
• Like
• Want + noun
• Would like

I like pizza.
I want pizza.
I would like pizza.

I would like to eat pizza.(infinitive)

I would rather eat pizza.(base form)

I would rather eat pizza than salteña
 Past continuous

• s + was/ were +V ing

• What were you doing ar 3:00?
• I was sleeping.

• + She was reading.

• - They were not eating.
• Were you sleeping? Yes, I was. No, I was not.
• When I saw you , you were dancing.
• I say you while you were dancing.

• While you were dancing, I saw you.

• You were dancing when I saw you.

• While - past continuous

• When -simple past

• While I was cooking , I was listening to music.

Negative questions
• Is it Monday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Isn´t it Monday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Confirm information
• Won`t the exam be tomorrow?
• Someone to agree
• Wasn`t the food delicious?
• Express surprise
• Haven`t you eaten lunch yet?
• ---- you eating pizza now?
• ----you eat pizza every day?
• ---- you eaten pizza before?
• ----- you eat pizza yesterday?
• Aren`t you eating pizza now?
• Don`t you eat pizza every day?
• Haven`t you eaten pizza before?
• Didn`t you eat pizza yesterday?
S+used to +V base form
• I used to live in Chicago, but now I live
in Tokyo. • S+didn`t use to Vbase form
• INCORRECT: • He didn`t use to have a car.
I used to living in Chicago. • She didn`t use to be tall.
I used to lived in Chicago.
Used to expresses the habitual past or an
habit in the past .
I used to live in Finland, but now I live in • Did +S+use to +Vbase form?
France.
• Did you use to have a cat?
I used to work in this company.
• Yes, I did. No, I didnt.
I used to sit in the back of the classroom,
but now I prefer to sit in the front row. • Where did you use to live?
• What did he use to eat?
S + would +Vbase form -Past action

I used to walk to school when I was a kid.

I would walk to school when I was a kid.
I used to be shy. • Am i used to eating
I would be shy. pizza?
• Was I used to eating
I used to eat pizza. Past routine pizza?
S+ be used to+(Ving/noun) be accustomed
I am used to eating pizza.
• Did I get used to eating
I was used to pizza. pizza?
• Will I get used to Pizza?
S+ be used to+(Ving/noun) get accustomed
I got used to eating pizza.
I will get used to pizza.
Past continuous+ always
• I was always walking to school.
• They were always helping animals.
• My mom was always cooking for us.
 Uses of would
• Polite request
Would you lend me 100 Sus?
Would you please open the door?
• Unreal conditionals ( present –Past)
If he were here , we would ask him.
If you had studied, you wouldn’t have failed
the exam
• Past routine (action )= used to
I would walk to school .
He would eat Candy when he was a kid.
• Future in the past
I was going to be an actor.
I thought I would be an actor.
• Indirect speeech for will.
“I will travel to La Paz.”
He said he would travel to La paz.
Negative questions
• Today is Friday.
• Is it Friday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Isn´t it Friday today?
• Yes, it is.
• Confirm information
• Won`t the exam be tomorrow?
• Someone to agree
• Wasn`t the food delicious?
• Express surprise
• Haven`t you eaten lunch yet?
• ---- you eating pizza now?
• ----you eat pizza every day?
• ---- you eaten pizza before?
• ----- you eat pizza yesterday?
• Aren`t you eating pizza now?
• Don`t you eat pizza every day?
• Haven`t you eaten pizza before?
• Didn`t you eat pizza yesterday?
Can
• He can come tomorrow
Should
• They should do their homework tonight.
They will can work.
She will should study.
Have to
He will have to clean the house. (future obligation)
• Subordinating conjunctions (becuse, since )
• He is late. (Independent)
• His alarm didn`t go off. (Independent)

• He is late because his alarm didn´t go off.

• Because his alarm didn`t go off,he is late
Dependent Clause Because his alarm didn`t go off
Independent Clause he is late
• He is late since his alarm didn´t go off.
• Since his alarm didn`t go off, he is late.
• Sentence Fragments
• He is late. Because his alarm didnt go off.
• Because I like music.
Infinitive of purpose
• -Why did you go to the post office?
• I went to the post office because I wanted to mail a letter.

• I went to the post office in order to mail a letter.

• I went to the post office to mail a letter.

• Why do you go to the store?

• To buy milk.
 MAKING COMPARISONS WITH A S . . .AS
Tina is 21 years old. As.. . as is used to say that the two things are equal or the
Sam is also 21.
Ted is 20.
same in some way
Amy is 5.
In (a): as + adjective + as
(a) Tina is as old as Sam (is). In (b): as + adverb + as

(b) Mike came as auickly as he could.

Common modifiers of as. . . as

c) Sam is just as old as Tina. “
in (c) just as…as = exactly the same
(d) Ted is nearly/almost as old as Tina.
in (d) nearly/almost as … as =very small difference

(e) Ted is not as old =Tina. Negative form: not as. . . as.* shows a difference

(f) Ted isn't quite as old as Tina. In (f): not quite as.. . as = a small difference.

(g ) She isn't nearly as old as Tina. In (g): not nearly as . . . as = a big difference.
 Verbs

ADVERBS: DescribeAdjectives
Adverbs

• He is a slow reader.
• How does he read?
• He reads slowly.
• He is a bad driver.
He drives badly.
He is a fast cooker.
He cooks fast.
He is a good dancer.
He dances well.
Pepito reads as slowly as Raul.
Pepito reads more slowly than Raul.
Pepito reads the most slowly.
• This is his car.
My Mine
• This car is his. Your Yours
• It is our classroom. Her + car = Hers
His His
• It is ours. Our Ours
their Theirs
Whose+noun – Possesive
• Whose book did you use?
• Whose coat is this?
Modals

• Should/ ought to +Vbf (advice)

• He should study for the exam.(+,-.?)
• They ought to be on time. (+)
• Had better+Vbf (advice +consequence)
• You had better study or you will fail the exam.
• They had better NOT go out.
• Must
• Have to + Vbf ( Necessary)
He has to work today.
He must work today.

They must not leave their house. (prohibition)

They dont have to do homework. ( Not necessary)
Be supposed to +Vbf (expected action)
He is supposed to work tomorrow.
Pronouns
Subject pronouns Object Pronouns
I Me
He Him
She Her
It It
You You
They Them
We Us
Nouns
Pepito, Cochabamba , Camila
chair, car , students

Pepito has a car . He has it.

The car is old. It is old.
The students gave the books to Pepito. They gave them to him.
Can
• He can come tomorrow
Should
• They should do their homework tonight.
They will can work.
She will should study.
Have to
He will have to clean the house. (future obligation)
Connectors

Give extra information • Cause and effect

• Coordinating conjunction (and ) • Coordinating conjunction (so, for )
• They have a dog, a cat and a • He has a car.
snake. • He doesnt need a taxi.
• He is tall. • He has a car, so he doesnt need a
• He is blond. taxi.
• He is tall, and he is blond. • Transitionals
• Transitionals. • He has a car. Therefore, he doesnt
• He is tall. In addition, he is need a taxi.
blond.
• He is tall. Furthermore, he is
blond.
• When I saw you, you were walking.
• You were walking when I saw you.
• While I was walking , I saw you .
• I saw you while I was walking.

• While I was doing homework, I was listening to music.

Phrasal verbs (separable)
Verb + Particle
Pick Up
Get Up
Turn On

They picked up the childen.

They picked the children up.
They picked up them.
They picked them up.
 Quantifiers
• I have 2 apples. A LOT OF (+, -, ?) (count or non-
• SOME(+,?) (count or non-count) count)
• (+) I have some milk. (+) I have a lot of milk.
• (?) Do you want some pencils? (-) He doesn`t need a lot of soap.
(?) Does he eat a lot of oranges?
MANY(-, ?) (count)
• ANY (-, ?) (count or non-count) (-) They don`t need many
• (-) I don`t need any shampoo. oranges.
• (?) Do you want any apples? MUCH (-, ?) (non-count)
(-) He doesn`t want much water.

Some (+,?) Count non count
• He has some food.
• Do you want some food?
Any (-, ?) Count non count
• He doesn`t have any food.
• Do you want any food?
Too much -not too much Non count
• There isn`t too much milk .
Too many- not too many Count
• I dont have too many pencils.
Enough – not enough Count –non
count
• I have enough eggs for the cake.
Comparatives
Fewer (count) – Less(non-count)
• He has fewer friends than me.
• There is less milk in this cup than in
your cup .
 Real Conditionals

•Present Factual Conditional – 0 Conditional (Facts and routines)

If Clause Result Clause
Simple present Simple present

If it is winter, it is cold.
If it rains, I use an umbrella.
He works if he needs money.
•Future Factual Conditional – 1st Conditional (Future results)
If Clause Result Clause
Simple present Future (will, be going to)

If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home.

If we go out, they are going to pay
She will come if we have to work.

•Do you use an umbrela if it rains?

•Will she come if we have to work?
 Unreal Conditionals
• Present Unreal Conditional – 2nd Conditional
If Clause Result Clause
Simple past (*were) Would+Vbase form

If it were raining, I would stay home.

If he had a car, He wouldn´t take a taxi.
He would be here if he didn`t have to work .
I like music . I will buy earphones.
I dont have money, I will not go to the
party. If I didnt like music, I wouldnt buy
If I had money, I would go to the party. earphones.
It is Monday. I have to work.
If it were not Monday,I would not have to
work.
 Quantifiers
• I have 2 apples. A LOT OF (+, -, ?) (count or non-
• SOME(+,?) (count or non-count) count)
• (+) I have some milk. (+) I have a lot of milk.
• (?) Do you want some pencils? (-) He doesn`t need a lot of soap.
(?) Does he eat a lot of oranges?
MANY(-, ?) (count)
• ANY (-, ?) (count or non-count) (-) They don`t need many
• (-) I don`t need any shampoo. oranges.
• (?) Do you want any apples? MUCH (-, ?) (non-count)
(-) He doesn`t want much water.
• Passive voice
• Pepito gives flowers to Maria

• WHAT does Pepito give?

• Flowers( Direct Object)
• Who does pepito give flowers to?

Maria (indirect object)

I cook lunch. He saw Ana
I walk to school.