Referencing

Prepared by Dr. Margi Gibb

 Referencing
Referencing is how you acknowledge the source of the information and ideas you
have used when writing your assignments.

There are a number of referencing styles used in Higher Education in Australia.

Each referencing style is slightly different in the way the information is formatted.

At CIC Higher Education students are required to use the Harvard referencing
style. Harvard referencing is also the most common style of referencing used in
business studies

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 When should you use referencing?
You must reference the source every time you

use somebody else's words or ideas from a:

 Book/ ebook

 Journal/ magazine/ newspaper

 TV program/ movie/song/

 Web page/ or any other medium

You must also reference the source for:

https://www.slideshare.net/stclibrary/referencing-8510394.
 Diagrams/ illustrations accessed 16/01/2019

 charts and pictures

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 Harvard Referencing
There are two parts to referencing in Harvard style, the in-text citations and
the reference list at the end:
 
1. In-text references go with the quotes or ideas you have sourced from
other people and used in your academic writing.
 
2. The reference list goes at the end of your paper. This is a list that gives all
the details of the in-text references you have used in your assignment.
Every in-text reference must be noted in the reference list. Any reference
that you have NOT used should not be in the reference list.

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 Part One
In-text references: Indirect quotes/paraphrasing
Harvard referencing style is an 'author/date' system. When you enter an in-
text reference it will consist of the author(s) surname and the year of publication.

For example:

If the in-text reference is a book with one author it will look like this:

 Author Year
↓ ↓
(Smith 2013) ← Use round brackets

*Notice there is no comma between the author and the year

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 In-text references: Indirect quotes [paraphrase]
If
Twothere are two or three authors the in-text reference will look like this:
authors
Author Year
↓
(Singh ↓
& Patel 2013) ← Use round brackets

Three authors
Author Year
↓ ↓
(Smith, Singh & Patel 2013)← Use round brackets
↑
Add a comma if there are three authors

Please note when the names are written inside the brackets, an ampersand (&) is
used between authors’ names instead of the word `and ’.
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In-text references: Indirect quote [paraphrase]
An example of an in-text reference may look like this:

Smith, Singh and Patel (2013), have found it is important that students learn
to paraphrase.

Or

Paraphrasing is an important skill for students to learn (Smith, Singh & Patel
2013).

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In-text references: Indirect quote [paraphrase]
Many text books have more than three authors. When there are more than three
authors you use the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Author Year
↓ ↓
(Smith et al. 2013) ← Use round brackets

et al. is Latin meaning `and others’. When you use et al. your reference will look like
this:

Paraphrasing is an important skill for students to learn (Smith et al. 2013).

*Notice et al. has a full stop (period) after it.

*Notice also that the full stop goes after the bracket at the end of the sentence.
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 In-text references: Indirect quote [paraphrase]
The examples we have looked at are used when you have paraphrased another’s words
and ideas.

Please note you need to include all the authors’ names in the reference list at the end
of your document.

It is also a good idea to provide a page number when it would help the reader locate the
relevant passage in a long or complex text.

For example:
Smith, Singh and Patel (2013), have found it is important that students learn to
paraphrase(p.9).

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In-text citations: Direct Quotes
 

Normally when you are writing your assignment you will paraphrase to
show that you understand the information and can apply this in your own
work. But there will be instances when you will also use direct quotes in
your writing.
 
A paraphrase is when you use the authors’ ideas and write them in your
own words.

A direct quote is when you write the authors’ words and ideas.

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 In-text citations: Direct Quotes

If you do use a direct quote in your assignment you have to write word-for-
word: exactly the same as it is written in the original. You also need to
enclose the quote with quotation marks ‘ ’ (use single quotation marks for
Harvard) and, include the page number of the quote.
 
For example:
`The difference between using a direct quote and a paraphrase is that the
direct quote is exactly the same word-for-word as what has already been
written’ (White 2018, p.5).

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Direct Quotes: Long quotations
If you are using a direct quote in your writing and it is more than 30 words it is
called a block quote. 

When you use a block quote you must begin with your own words and introduce
the quote with a colon. [ : ]
 You do not need to enclose the quote in quotation marks instead you must:
• Start the quote on a new line
• Indent 5 spaces from the left margin to identify it as a separate section.
• Use a smaller font size and single space the lines of the quote
• Include the page number/s at the end of the block quote in parentheses, &
• Place the final full stop after the in-text citation

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Direct Quotes: Long quotations
For example:

One of the characteristics of leaders with charisma is that they like to take risks

to achieve things that others have not as:

 
risk taking adds to a person`s charisma because others admire such courage. Richard
Branson, the colourful chairman of the Virgin Group, has used this to good effect. In
addition to treasuring risk, charismatic leaders use unconventional strategies to
achieve success (Dubrin, Dalglish & Miller, 2003 p.99).
 

Notice there is a one line space before the quote begins and a one line space

after it.

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Part Two
The Reference List

The reference list goes at the end of your assignment and must contain all the
references you have used in the text.

When you create a reference list you must start on a new page and list all your
sources in alphabetical order.

The purpose of the reference list is to help readers find the sources you used in
your writing.

The reference list should be as accurate as possible.

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The Reference List

When compiling your Harvard reference list, you should:

1) List references on a new page with a centred heading titled: References

2) Include all your references in alphabetical order listing from A - Z by the
surname of the author(s)
3) List works with no author under the first significant word of the title
4) References cited in the text must appear in the reference list
5) In titles use capital letters only for the first word and proper nouns. All major
words in the names of journals, magazines and newspapers should be capitalised
6) Italicise book titles, journal names and website titles

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The Reference List
For example:

Author Year Title (in italics) Publisher

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Cerf A 1961, Corporate reporting and investment decision, University of

California Press, Berkley, CA.
↑
Place of publication
 

  

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The Reference List
When you compile your references the format for recording the
information – author, date, title, publisher, and place – as well as the
punctuation don’t change.

It is always:
  

Author Surname comma Initial(s) Year comma Title (in italics) comma
Publisher comma Place of Publication full stop
 

For example: Gore, A 2008, The Assault on Reason, Penguin Press, USA.

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 The Reference List
Here is a sample reference list: books only:
  

 REFERENCES

Allen, J, O`Toole, W, Harris, R, Singh, P & McDonnell, I 2011, Festival and special event
management, 5th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Milton, QLD.

Abdel, A 2014, Accounting for risk, hedging, and complex contracts, Routledge, New York.

Barrow, C 2011,The 30 day MBA in international business, Kogan Page, London.

Beauchamp, TN 2004, Ethical theory and business 6th edn, Prentice Hall, New York.

Gini, A & Green, RM 2013, 10 Virtues of outstanding leaders: Leadership & character,
Wiley-Blackwell Chichester, West Sussex.

Hart, P 2014, Communication and language analysis in the corporate world, Information
Science Reference, Hershey, PA.

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 Part Three
How do I reference this: Journal Articles and
 
Online Sources
The secret to referencing accurately is firstly to identify the type of resource.
So far we have only looked at how you reference a book.
There are many more resources that you will use in your research such as:
 E-books,
 Journals,
 Manuals,
 Data bases, etc.

Each time you reference you MUST follow the formula for referencing that particular
type of source.
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 Journal Article
  Below is a reference list entry for a journal article with one author in Harvard

Author Year Article Title

↓ ↓ ↓
Brill, J 2011, Heal your heart with food: Eight foods that prevent a second heart attack,
Better Nutrition, vol.73, no.2, pp. 38-42.
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Journal Title (in italics) Volume Issue Pages
 
  
 
 Notice the differences from how you reference a book
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 Referencing online sources
  More than likely you will use a lot of sources from the internet.

Referencing information from the internet is similar to referencing print

publications.

However, citing electronic publications is often challenging.

For instance, there may be no author or title listed, and the content of a Web site
may change frequently without notice, as such the date a site is viewed becomes
more important than a publication date or edition.
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 Referencing online sources
  Below is the basic format for the reference list entry for an online source.

Author Year, comma Title in italics, comma viewed* (insert date you viewed the
item),comma http://.....URL full stop

 For example:
Australian Government 2017, Learning Potential, viewed 18 July 2018,
https://www.learningpotential.gov.au/.

  *Please note you can use `viewed’, `accessed’ or `retrieved’ before the date.

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 Referencing online sources
  Author
 You will often find the author’s name near the start of the web page.

If there is no author listed, use the name of the organisation instead.

If no author or organisation is listed, use the title, then the date.

 Date
 The date is usually given at bottom of a web page. If no date is given,
write n.d. (for no date).

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 Referencing online sources
  Different online sources are referenced slightly differently.
We will look at how to reference the following:

 A website with one author

 A website with an organisation as author

 An online journal article

 An e-book

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 Website with One Author

  Here is an example of a website with one author

 
 

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 Website with One Author

  This is how you would reference it in the

reference list and in-text

  
 

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 Referencing a Website with an
Organisation as Author
 

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 Referencing a Website with an
Organisation as Author
In-text Citation
 

The first time you cite this reference in your writing you must give all the details.
Author/Organisation
↓
The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Victoria 2011, para. 3)

↑ ↑
Year Paragraph

After this you may use an abbreviation. For example:

Author
↓
(RSPCA Victoria 2011, para. 3)
↑ ↑
Year Paragraph
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 Referencing a Website with an
Organisation as Author
 

The Reference List

Author /organisation Year Title
↓ ↓ ↓
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Victoria 2011, Jumps racing,
viewed 24 November 2011, http://www.rspcavic.org/issues-take-action/jumps-racing/.
↑ ↑
Date viewed URL

  
 
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 Referencing an Online Journal Article

  
 
 

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 Referencing an Online Journal Article
In-text Citation
 

Authors
↓
(Chen & Green, 2012)
Reference List

Authors Year Article Title Journal Title

Chen, H & Green, RD 2012, Developing marketing strategies to increase brand
equity: The differences between age groups, The International Business & Economics
Research Journal (Online), 11(2), viewed 24 August 2016, retrieved from ProQuest
Database. ↑↑ ↑
↑

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Referencing Guides
Because there are so many sources, and so many details to remember when
referencing, it is a good idea to print a full referencing guide to help you when
referencing your assignments.
Full Guides can be found at:
 Victoria University
www.vu.edu.au/library
 Curtin University
http://library.curtin.edu.au
 University of South Australia
www.library.unisa.edu.au/
 Melbourne University
www.library.unimelb.edu.au/
 Monash University
http://library.monash.edu.au

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 Dr. Margi Gibb

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