Introduction to IS and Computers

Week 3
[[[

Dr. Rana Singh

Professor in Management and
Asst. Dean
www.ranasingh.org
88 66 97 11 03
Agenda for the Presentation
• Agenda for the Presentation
What is a Spreadsheet
• A spread sheet is the computer equivalent
of a paper ledger sheet.
• It consists of a grid made from columns
and rows.
• It is an environment that can make
number manipulation easy and somewhat
painless.
• The math that goes on behind the scenes
on the paper ledger can be overwhelming.
If you change the loan amount, you will have to start the math all over
again (from scratch).
What is a Spreadsheet
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• number data (constants)

• formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
Rows
• ROW is defined as the horizontal space
that is going across the window. Numbers
are used to designate each ROW'S
location.

In the above diagram the ROW labeled 4 is

highlighted.
Column
• COLUMN is defined as the vertical space
that is going up and down the window.
Letters are used to designate each
COLUMN'S location.

In the above diagram the COLUMN labeled

C is highlighted.
Cells
• CELL is defined as the space where a
specified row and column intersect. Each
CELL is assigned a name according to its
COLUMN letter and ROW number.

CELL labeled B6 is highlighted. When referencing a cell,

you should put the column first and the row second.
Types of Data
• Label
• Constant
• Formula Data types Examples Descriptions

Name or Wage or anything that is

LABEL
Days just text

CONSTANT 5 or 3.75 or -7.4 any number

FORMULA =5+3 or = 8*5+3 Math equation

*ALL formulas MUST begin with an equal sign (=).

Labels
• Labels are text entries.
• They do not have a value associated with
them.
• We use labels to identify what we are
talking about.
 In our first example: the labels were
computer ledger
 car loan
 interest
 # of payments
 Monthly Pmt.
Constants
• Constants are entries that have a specific fixed value.
• If someone asks you how old you are, you would answer
with a specific answer.
• Other people will have different answers, but it is a fixed
value for each person.

 Sometimes constants are referring to dollars, sometimes referring to

percentages, and other times referring to a number of items (in this
case 60 months).These are typed into the computer with just the
numbers and are changed to display their type of number by
formatting. we use constants to enter FIXED number data.
Formulas in Excel
• Formulas are entries that have an equation that
calculates the value to display.
• We DO NOT type in the numbers we are looking for; we
type in the equation.
• This equation will be updated upon the change or entry of
any data that is referenced in the equation.

In our first example, the solution was $252.61

This was NOT typed into the keyboard. The formula that was typed into the spread sheet was:
=PMT(C4/12,C5,-C3)
C4 (annual interest rate) was divided by 12 because there are 12 months in a year. Dividing by 12 will
give us the interest rate for the payment period - in this case a payment period of one month.
Basic Formulas in Excel
When we are entering formulas into a spread sheet we want to make as
many references as possible to existing data.
If we can reference that information we don't have to type it in again.
If that OTHER information changes, we DO-NOT have to change the
equations.
If you work for 23 hours and make $5.36 an hour, how much do you
make? We can set up this situation using
• Three labels Let's look at this
equation in B4:
• Two constants
• One equation = B1 * B2
= 23 * 5.36

Both of these equations will produce the same answers, but one is much more useful than
the other.
DO YOU KNOW which is BEST and WHY? It is BEST if we can

REFERENCE as much data as possible as opposed to typing data into

equations.
USE of $ for fixing Row, Column or Cell
Average
Excel has a built in formula/function that makes
averaging a range of cells easy. If we assume your
numbers are in A1:A100 you would simply use the
Average formula like shown below;
=AVERAGE(A1:A100)
There is however, one draw-back with this. That is,
it includes cells that contain 0 (zeros). This can give
you unexpected results. While the sum of values is
not effected, the count of them is. Average is the
sum of numbers divided by the count of numbers.
So how do we omit zeros from our average?
SUMPRODUCT & SUM
=SUM(A1:A100)/
(SUMPRODUCT((A1:A100<>0)*1))
This method is the most generic in that it ignores
blank cells and will include negative numbers.

That is, it includes cells that contain 0 (zeros). This

can give you unexpected results. While the sum of
values is not effected, the count of them is. Average
is the sum of numbers divided by the count of
numbers. So how do we omit zeros from our
average?
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• Number data (constants)

• Formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• number data (constants)

• formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• number data (constants)

• formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• number data (constants)

• formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
Basics of a Spreadsheet
• Rows
• Columns
• Cells

Each cell may have the following types of

data text (labels)

• number data (constants)

• formulas (mathematical equations that do
all the work)
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
• It is the acquisition, processing,
storage & dissemination of vocal,
pictorial, textual & numerical
information.
• Making the best use of
microelectronics based combo of
computing &
telecommunications.
• Term in modern sense appeared
first time in 1958 in HBR( Harvard
Business Review).
 Major Roles of Information Systems
• Support of Strategic Advantage
• Support of Managerial Decision
Making
• Support of Business Operations
Support of
Strategic
Advantage

Support of
Managerial Decision
Making

Support of Business
Operations
 Types of Information Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems
• Management Information
Systems
• Office Automation Systems
• Communication Systems
• Groupware System
• Decision Support System
• Analytical DSS
• Executive Support Systems
• Expert Systems
• Knowledge Work Systems
Transaction Processing Systems
• A set of information
technologies that work
together to process, store ,
collect and distribute
information.
• Major parts -
- Hardware
- Software
- Data bases
- Network.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• A set of information
technologies that work
together to process, store ,
collect and distribute
information.
• Major parts -
- Hardware
- Software
- Data bases
- Network.
 HARDWARE

• The components of computer which we

can touch and see refers to the
hardware.
• In this it involves CPU & its peripherals.
- Keyboard
- Monitor
- Printer
- Mouse
- Headphones.
- Speakers
 SOFTWARE
• Core area for storage of data and information.
• It helps in interacting with a machine.
• It allows user to enter data & after processing to display output.
• For example-
- MS Office.
- Games
- Windows
- Application Software's.
- DOS
- Unix
• Performance of computer depends purely on software's.
• It means a set of instructions given to a computer.
• In simple words it controls the operations of computer.
• Software are of two types-
- Application Software.
- system software.
• Hardware and software are inter-dependent on each other.
 DATABASES
• It is an organized collection of data
for one or more purpose, usually in
digital form.
• Data is managed up to some level
of quality.
• It is measured in terms of –
- accuracy.
- availability.
- usability.
- Resilience.
• Complex software system that
meets requirements is called –
DBMS i.e. Data base management
system.
 NETWORK
• Collection of computers and devices interconnected by communication
channels.
• It facilitates the communications and allows sharing of resources &
information.
• Datacom is engineering discipline concerned with computer networks.
• Communication system connecting two or more computers. -
- LAN: Local Area Network
- MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
- WAN: Wide Area Network
 MAN
LAN
 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Management Information Systems
(MIS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Executive Information Systems (EIS)
• Inter Organizational Systems (IOS)
 FUNCTIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• Finance and Accounting Systems
• Marketing and Sales Systems
• Manufacturing and Operations Systems
• Human Resources Management Systems
 APPLICATION OF IT

1- In Business ( website advertisement etc.)

2- In Industry ( Robot Machine, Inventory control).
3- In Home ( shopping & banking, reservations, entertainments etc).
4- Education & Training (school & colleges).
5- Engineering (CAD & CAE main IT applications).
6- Science & Medicine ( scientist, physicians, astronauts for satellites
developments).
 WHERE IS IT HEADED?

• Miniaturization

• Speed

• Affordability

THEN -1946 NOW

 Strategic Information Systems
Important Questions
• How important it is to align business strategies with IT?
• How IT becomes a common utility for everyone?
• How will advances in IT affect competition and the source
of competitive advantage?
• What strategies should a company pursue to exploit the
technology?
• What are the implications of actions that competing
organizations may have already taken?
• Of many technologies, which is the most important?
 Uses of Information Systems
Uses
• Innovation in delivering world class products and services
• Seamless flow of data for decision-making process
• Dynamic Role
• Reduction in costs of obtaining, processing and transmitting information
• TPS emerging as critical business application and using TPS for strategic advantage
• Speed and Accuracy and affordability
• Capturing Business Data and managing routine operational activities
• MIS systems like Acct. I S, Sales Mgt. Sys., HRIS, Mgf. IS, helped middle managers to
monitor business effectively.
• Decision support System and Executive Support System facilitated Decision making.
• Global reach and real time service to customers and stakeholders
 Information Revolution Impacts Competition
Impact
• Changes Industry Structure
• Alters the rule of competition (e.g. newspaper and book retailing
migrating to online markets)
• Creates competitive advantage
• (Traditional Matrimonial Service providers went online and
outperformed their competitors.
• IT makes new businesses technologically feasible.
• IT can spawn new businesses by creating derived demand for new
products.
• IT can help in creating new businesses within old ones.
 Information Revolution Impacts Competition
Impact
• Changes Industry Structure
• Alters the rule of competition (e.g. newspaper and book retailing
migrating to online markets)
• Creates competitive advantage
• (Traditional Matrimonial Service providers went online and
outperformed their competitors.
• IT makes new businesses technologically feasible.
• IT can spawn new businesses by creating derived demand for new
products.
• IT can help in creating new businesses within old ones.
 Information Technology
Agenda
• To understand what computers are?
• Understand how computers evolved?
• Learn how computers are categorized into broader classifications?
• Understand the complete architecture of a computer
• Understand various components of a computer
• Appreciate the role of software and different types of software
• Understand broader steps required in software development and
implementation
• Understand emerging trends in the world of computers
 Computer System

• A computer is an electronic device that operates under the control of a set of

instructions that is stored in its memory unit.
• Hardware –Computer itself and any equipment connected to it.
All the physical, tangible parts of a system –such as central processor,

• Learn how computers are categorized into broader classifications?

• Understand the complete architecture of a computer
• Understand various components of a computer
• Appreciate the role of software and different types of software
• Understand broader steps required in software development and
implementation
• Understand emerging trends in the world of computers
 Three basic Questions?

Three basic concepts

In order to be able to think sensibly and talk intelligently
about computers in today’s technology driven society –

• what are computers?

• What can they do?
• How can one communicate effectively with computers?
 Evolution of Computers

‘Computers’ and ‘Computing’

• Computing has something to do with reckoning or calculation,

• What is so special about them that we need computers today?

• We have many form of such devices – the Abacus (still used in the
Far East), pocket and desk calculators

• POS (point of sale) at the supermarket –all of which are cheaper and
easier to use than computers. So why was the computer invented?
 Evolution of Computers

‘Computers’ and ‘Computing’

• Computing has something to do with reckoning or calculation,

• What is so special about them that we need computers today?

• We have many form of such devices – the Abacus (still used in the
Far East), pocket and desk calculators

• POS (point of sale) at the supermarket –all of which are cheaper and
easier to use than computers. So why was the computer invented?
 Computers

A computer system is an electronic device that operates

under the control of a set of instructions that is stored in
its memory unit.

Hardware consists of the computer itself, and any equipment

connected to it.

Hardware includes all of the physical, tangible parts of a

system – such as central processing unit, memory, display
devices, storage media, and printer, etc.
 Software

Software is

-the set of instructions for controlling the

hardware devices,

-instructing computers to transform data into

information

-and many other information processing tasks.

 Evolution of Computers
• History of computers -500 BC, ABACUS, a device of counting beads and string was
used to do calculations.
• The abacus is still widely used in many countries, but do not offer long-term storage
of information.
• 1614 - John Napier developed Logarithm Tables, which provided the methods by
which multiplication and division could be achieved through addition and
subtraction.

• 1620-William Oughtred, developed the ‘Slide Rule’ based on the concept of

logarithms.

• Both these inventions were widely used until the development of small electronic
calculators in late 1960s.

• Two other important developments that took place in the Seventeenth Century, were
the production of a mechanical calculator –Pacaline by Blaise Pascal in 1642
 Evolution of Computers
• More powerful calculator by Gottfried Leibnitz in 1694. This calculator could
perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and was called
the Leibnitz Wheel.

• In 1832, Charles Babbage, thought of building a general purpose computing

machine and planned for ‘Analytical Engine’, a steam driven calculator which
was able to perform calculation upto 60 decimal digits, and to handle any
type of mathematical problem.

• The inputs to these machines were based on punched cards. Charles

Babbage has defined the path for the modern digital computers, because
the Analytical Engine was built around the same five components (input,
control, store, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Output) used in modern
digital computers.
 Evolution of Computers
• First Generation Computers –Vacuum Tubes (1939 -1959)
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