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Ca1 13030822065 Bscaiml3
Ca1 13030822065 Bscaiml3
ODD)
QUESTION 2
Inner Products and Norms
Let V be a vector space over F. An inner product on V is a function that assigns, to every ordered pair of vectors
x and y in V, a scalar in F, denoted x, y, such that for all x, y, and z in V and all c in F, the following hold:
(a) <x + z, y> = <x, y> + <z, y>
(b) <cx, y> = c <x, y>
(c) <x, y> = <y, x> where the bar denotes complex conjugation.
(d) <x, x> > 0 if x = 0 .
Let A ∈ Mm×n(F). We define the conjugate transpose or adjoint of A to be the n× m matrix A∗ such that
(A∗)ij = Aji for all i, j.
The inner product on Mm×n(F) is called the Frobenius inner product.
<A, B> = tr(B* A) for A, B ∈ Mm×n(F) , [ Where, tr(B* A)= Trace of the matrix B* A ]
Let V be an inner product space. For x ∈ V, we define the norm or length of x by ||x|| = <x, x>.
Let V be an inner product space. Vectors x and y in V are orthogonal (perpendicular) if < x, y> = 0. A subset S
of V is orthogonal if any two distinct vectors in S are orthogonal.
A vector x in V is a unit vector if|| x|| = 1. Finally, a subset S of V is orthonormal if S is orthogonal and
consists entirely of unit vectors.
ANSWER- 1
Pauli Spin matrices are defined as :
I = , x = , y = , z =
a) Frobenius inner product is defined as A,B=tr(B*A), B*= adjoint of B ,hence Frobenius norm is defined as
| A|| = A,A = tr (A*A)
(i) =, I*= , I*I= =
tr(I*I)=2 so, ||I || =2
(ii) x = , x *=* x = =
tr(x * x )=2 so, ||x|| =2
(iii)y = , y *=* y ==
tr(y * y )=2 so, ||y|| =2
(iv)z = , z *=* z =
tr(z * z )=2 so, ||z||=2
b) The Pauli spin matrices belong to the inner product space of complex matrices.
c) Non zero Vectors x and y in an inner product are orthogonal (perpendicular) if <x, y> = 0
I , x = tr(x* I) = 0 [ x* I = = ]
I , y = tr(y* I) = 0 [ y* I = = ]
. I , z = tr(z* I) = 0[ z* I = =]
I is orthogonal to all other spin matrices .
Now, y*x= = and z* x= =
So, As the norm values are not 1 so The Sobel Matrices are not unit vectors.
b) The Sobel matrices belong to the inner product space of real matrices.