WELLBORE SURVEYING

OUTLINE

 Purpose of surveying
 Basics
 Calculation methods
 Reach a target by steering
 Stay within lease boundaries
 Determine Azimuth & Inclination.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS:
 Absolute location of a reference point

 Distance between the reference point and the

survey station
 Inclination of the survey station

 Direction to the survey station

1-SINGLE SHOTS
2--MULTISHOT
3-GYRO survey
4-Steering tool
5-MWD (Measuring while drilling)
 SIMPLE DESIGN

Angle unit
 INEXPENSIVE
Camera
Battery
 TIME CONSUMING
Pressure barrel
 TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
1- Rigging up the tool ( Battery, camera, film, angle unit, pressure barrel.

2- drop the tool till reach to the totco ring (inside monel)

3- after certain time make a fishing for the tool using overshot with sand line

4-when the tool reach to the surface disconnect the battery, then try to read
the film on disk reader

5- It read onle one reading for Azi, Inclination at the bottom

MAGNETIC MULTISHOT
 Similar to Single shot
 Taken at Timed Intervals
 Survey Record is Stored on Film
ELECTRONIC MULTISHOT
 Requires Non-Magnetic Environment
 Tool Memory is Dumped at the Surface
 PAA
Chock absorber Pressure.B
Probe(Sensor+Battery)
1- Rigging up for the tool (battery, sensor, pressure barrel)

2-Tool programming (computer) for pre-test (shot time).

3-Pre-test (away from rig site)

4-Download the data of pretest (Inc, Azi).

5- Re-programming the tool for the job (shot time).

6-Switch on the battery.

7-Drop the tool inside drill string using hanging plate.

8-calculate the time for the tool to be set at Totco ring within Monel.

9- Start Pull out of hole (POOH or tripping out).

10-Record the depth with the time on a sheet.

11- After the tool became at the surface, switch off the battery and disconnected it
12-Download for data.
13-The tool reads Azimuth and inclination Vs time, then make depth matching
Directional data such as borehole attitude and toolface can 
be acquired during a survey using either magnetic or 
gyroscopic survey instruments.

 These magnetic or gyroscopic instruments use mechanical angle 
units , magnetic compasses  and film-,based 
cameras to record the instrument readings. 

  or solid- state  memory electronics or surface communication electronics 

and conductive wirelines.
GYRO THEORY

measure Inc, Azi in Casing

 Isresistant to external forces (metal)
 Gyro is accurately aligned to reference before use

 Corrections for change in heading can be applied later

WIRELINE TO SURFACE

NON-MAG DC SURFACE TOOLFACE

COMPUTER DISPLAY

STEERING TOOL (RUN INSIDE MONEL)

MULE SHOE
BENT SUB

MUD MOTOR

BIT
-
 COLLAR MOUNTED
 RETRIEVABLE
1-Introduction (Eng)
2-Unit
3-sensors 4- Tools
Hook Load indicator
Depth sensor
RDD
Stand Pipe Pressure sensor
 ENCODER
 The MWD systems use a range of
CAL different sensors (Analog & Digital) to
BOX
measure:
HOOKLOAD
- Depth
PRESSURE - Drill String Weight
TRANSDUCER
- Stand Pipe Pressure (SPP)
- RDD (Remote Driller Dial)
RD DIAL
- Rotary RPM, Torque

RPM

TORQUE

07/08/23
  Rig crew to supervise the
positioning/fitting of the sensor
 Which sensor is placed in the best
position?
A: Rigs sensor
 A:
 The rigs sensor is better placed
vertically - i.e. in the line of flow
through the standpipe.

B: BHI sensor

07/08/23
 07/08/23

10 pin Lemo Connection

(capped in photo)

 The Transducer converts changes in pressure into a

resistance and thus the current changes (4-20mA).
 07/08/23

 The Optical Shaft Encoder when fitted to the drawworks,

interprets the drum rotation directly into Digital Pulses.
31 SLC
 07/08/23

 The Hookload is a Strain Gauge which measures the tension of the drillstring
which alters the resistance of the Strain Gauge and thus the current.
33 SLC
 07/08/23

Azimuth

Inclination

 RDD is an LCD monitor display for directional information

(TFH, AZM, INC), mounted on a metal plate.
 07/08/23

Open Infinity Ohms

Closed Zero Ohms

 07/08/23

 The Junction box is environmentally sealed therefore it offers complete protection to the ingress of water
etc.
 Particular attention must be made to the colour coding of the connections to the sensors.
MWD Tools:
1- Battery old time (Turbine now)
2- DAS ( Digitally Attitude Sensor)
3-U.P ( Universal Pulser)
 MWD Tools
Battery (Turbine) DAS UP (Monel /NMDC)
1-Rigging up the sensor.

2-Rigging up the tool.

3-Programming the tool.

4-Make up the directional BHA.

5-Pretest 2 times (at surface, Casing shoe).

6- MWD Tool must be within the NMDC ( Monel).

7-Start circulation, then pulsing coming up to Stand pipe

pressure sensor to the MWD unit to the software.

8- decoding give the reading of Inc, Azimuth and tool face.

9- data transmitted to Co.man and rig floor

Programming for the tool
 Inclination : angle between the borehole
and vertical
 Azimuth : angle between north and the
horizontal projection of the borehole
 Tool face measuerments
 51 SLC
08/07/23

Core Services
 Inclination, Azimuth, Toolface
 Data transmission to surface in Real Time
 Depth

Additional services
 Continuous inclination and azimuth
 Drilling Mechanics Data
 Washout detection
Drilling & Measurements
An Introduction to Logging While Drilling
LWD Measurements

Inclination
Measurement
Neutron Resistivity

Gamma Ray
Density

 Multiple depths of investigation for quantitative determination of

formation resistivity (Rt)
 Early bed boundary detection /Gamma
 A near bit inclinometer, enabling quick response to inclination changes
 A steerable motor system, permitting variable build rates for up to 15°/100ft
 Resistivity measurements available in either oil base or water base muds
 Dual azimuthal gamma ray sensors 180° apart, providing high and low
side measurements
 Background Gamma Ray
 Resistivity
 Sonic
 Bulk Density and
 Neutron Porosity
 PWD
 2- Nuclear 3- Sonic
1- Electrical
 Porosity is the measure of the
total volume between the rock
grains.

Resistivity is the measure of

Pore
a material’s resistance to the
flowSpace
of an electrical current.

Rock
Grains
These measurements are
combined into...

Grain Matrix & Porosity.

 Resistivity
 Use Transmitter and Receiver
R V  R coils to measure the resistivity
of the formation by inducing a
current flow
The current produces an
electromagnetic field (EMF)
EMF produces ground loops
T
Ground loops produce an
EMF which cuts the receiver
Induction tools.
coil
Resistivity= Dual laterolog (LLS,
LLD)
2 electrodes(Generators), 2
Measured Potential diff)
 Dual Laterolog (DLL)

Distinguish between saltwater-bearing and hydrocarbon bearing

formations.
Determine true formation resistivity (Rt) for calculating water
saturation
Estimate invasion diameters
Indicate moveable hydrocarbons
Accurate deep (LLd) and shallow (LLs) formation resistivity
measurements.
Run in saltwater-based drilling fluids, but may also be used in
freshwater-based drilling.

Laterolog tools.
 Gamma
 Density
 Neutron
Received (Gamma
log)

Bombard Fm
(Neutron,Dens
t)
 Gamma,Density, and
neutron
Compensated Spectral Natural Gamma (CSNG™)

Identify hydrocarbon-bearing zones

Instrum Distinguish reservoir type rock
ent
Section Indicate highly permeable or fractured reservoirs
Determine clay types
Provide detailed stratigraphic correlation
Provide detailed depth correlation
Delineate bed boundaries
Detect water migration
Combinable with most other logging tools
Titaniu Low- Can be run in open and cased holes
m Case Z
Case
Dual-Spaced Neutron (DSN II™)
DSN uses a chemical source (AmBe)
and two thermal detectors to determine
formation porosity
Far-
Space
The source emits fast neutrons
Detector into the formation
As neutrons collide with
hydrogen they loose energy
Near- The detectors measure the
Space neutrons that have reached a
Detector
thermal level in counts per second
Neutron
Source Less
More More
Fewer Low
High
Neutrons emission , collision & detection.
hydrogen
hydrogencounts
counts porosity
porosity
 Spectral Density Logging Tool (SDLT)
Source A chemical source (137Cs) emits gamma rays into the
formation

As the gamma rays collide with formation

materials their energy is reduced or attenuated

Two gamma detectors measure the radiation

received in counts per second

The count rate is inversely proportional to bulk

density
Gamma The count rate is proportional to the porosity of
Detector the formation
s
Schematic of source & detector of
gamma-gamma density tool.
 Sonic log
Meas Interval transit time
Borehole Compensated Sonic (BCS)
T Acoustic Borehole compensated sonic tools
Transmittehave two acoustic transmitters and
r two acoustic receivers
The transmitters emit compressional sound waves into
the formation
R
t The receivers measure the time it takes for the
t Acoustic wave to travel through the formation to the receiver
R
Receivers
Travel time or t is the time difference of the wave as
it is received at both receivers

T Acoustic Travel time depends on formation lithology, porosity,

and pore fluid
Transmitte
r
Schematic of BCS tool.
Thanks alot