Step 1: Apply dummy load/moment N 2L

AXIAL LOAD Ui 
Step 2: Find reaction at support(s) (if necessary) 2 AE
Step 3: Solve for internal force/moment
of each section
Step 4: Construct the table to solve //. L
M 2 dx M 2 L
BENDING Ui   
0
2 EI 2 EI

CASTIGLIANO’S ENERGY STRAIN

SECOND THEOREM METHODS ENERGY
L
TRANSVERSE V2 V 2L
Ui   dx 
SHEAR 2GA 2GA
0
AXIAL LOAD BENDING TORSION

L L
 N  L  M  dx  T  dx
  N     M    T 
 P  AE  
 P  EI 0  P  GJ L
0 T 2 dx T 2 L
L
L
 T  dx TORSION Ui   
 M  dx   T   2GJ 2GJ
  M    T '  GJ
0

0  M '  EI 0