Driven and Damped

Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator
Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator
id t
Fd (t)=F0 e
 a  Write the equation of motion for a spring mass system
connected to a damper as shown in figure and is continuously
driven using an Oscillatory function of the form either sine
or cosine as given by the function Fd (t)=F0e id t , whose real
part serve as cosine function and coefficient of imaginary part as sine
function independantly. d is the driving frequency and F0 is the
amplitude also b is the damping coefficient k,b>0.
 b  Find the solution of the driven and damped harmonic oscillator.
Use the oscillatory trial solution of the form x(t)=Aei(d t- )
where  is the phase difference between the drive and response
of the oscillator, the real part of the solution indicates if the
drive is of cosine form and the coefficient of imaginary part
will serve if the drive is of sine form.
 Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

F  Fspring  Ffriction  Fdrive (t )

F   kx  bv  Fdr (t )


m x  kx  bv  Fdr (t ) k , b  0

  b 2 k
2 2  , 0 
x  2 x  0 x  Fdr (t ) / m m m
 Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

  F0 id t b 2 k
x  2 x  0 x  e 2 2  , 0 
m m
m
We know the
i d t  
solution will be of
oscillatory. Hence
x(t )  Ae
the general trial
solution is given as

2 i d t   i d t   2 i d t   F0 id t

d Ae  2 id Ae  0 Ae  e
m
Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

 i 2 F0 2
e A(d  2 id  0 ) 
m

e  i

 F0 / mA
 0
2
 d 2
  i 2 d
 Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

e  i

 F0 / mA
 0 d   i 2d
 2
  2

cos   i sin  
 F0 / mA
 0
2

 d 2  i 2d
Multiply numerator and denominator of RHS by
 0 d   i 2d
 2
  2

cos   i sin  
 F0 / mA 
 0 d   i 2d
 2
  2

0  d
2 2
  i 2d  0 d   i2d
 2
  2
 Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

 F0 / mA 0 2  d 2  sin  

 F0 / mA 2d
cos  
0  d 
2
 
2 2 2
0
2
 d 2 2
 4 d 2
 4 2d 2

  2  
  tan 1  2 d 2 

 0  d  
2 2
cos   sin   1
F0
A(d ) 
0  d 
2
2 2
m  4 2d 2
Driven and Damped Oscillations
Forced Harmonic Oscillator

i d t  
x(t )  Ae
F0
A(d ) 
0  d 
2
2 2
m  4 2d 2

F0 i d t  
x(t )  e
 
2
2 2 2 2
m 0  d  4 d
 Resonance
F0 i d t  
x(t )  e
 
2
2 2 2 2
m 0  d  4 d

The amplitude of the motion depends on driving frequency

dA
The amplitude will be extremum ford  res 0
d d

dA 1
  F0 / m
 
4 0 2  d 2 d  8 2d
3/ 2
d d 2   2  2   4 2d 2 
2

 0 d 
 Resonance
dA 1
  F0 / m
 2
4 0  d d  8 d 2
 2

3/ 2
d d 2

  2   2  4 2 2 
2

 0 d d 

For extremum
dA
0
d d

The condition for extremum :

 
4 0 2  d 2 d  8 2d  0
2 2 2
d  0  2

Resonance Frequency
2 2
res  0  2
 Resonance
F0 i d t  
x(t )  e
 
2
2 2 2 2
m 0  d  4 d

x(t )  A d  e 
i d t  

F0
A(d ) 
 
2
2 2 2 2
m 0  d  4 d
0  50rad / sec
 Complete solution of driven damped harmonic oscillator
  i d t  
2 x(t )  A d  e
x  2 x  0 x  Fdr (t ) / m
The solution of this second-order differential equation comprises two components,
the complementary solution, and the particular solution.

x(t )  xc (t )  x p (t )
x(t )  e  t
Cet  De t   A d  e id t  

   2  0 2
Tacoma bridge collapse

Wine glass Breaking

Coupled Oscillations
 Coupled Oscillators

NON-
INTITUTIVE!
 Coupled Oscillators

Equations of motion are


m x1  kx1  k '  x2  x1  Simultaneous coupled
differential equation

m x2  kx2  k '  x2  x1 
Matrix equation of coupled oscillator

 
m x1   kx1  k  x2  x1  m x2  kx2  k '  x2  x1 
'

d  x1   k  k
2 '
k   x1 
'
m 2  ' 
x
dt  2   k '
k  k   x2 
d 2
X   K
m 2 X 
dt
 d  x1   k  k
2 '
k   x1 
'
m 2  ' 
x
dt  2   k '
k  k   x2 

 2
d  X   0  c
2

2
 c 2

X 

dt 2 
  c
2

 0 2  c 2 


k k'
 X   V  e t 0 2 
m
, c 2 
m

 x1  V1   t
 x   V  e
 2  2