AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

SYSTEM
COURSE CONTENTS
 Chassis and Body
 Classification of Vehicle, Layout, Construction & Details,
Chassis & Body material, Integrated construction, BIW,
Interior System, Console design, Pillar trims, Head roof

 Transmission & Driveline

 Front Axle & Steering
 Breaking and suspension
 Electrical System
CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
&
VEHICLE BODIES (COMMERCIAL
VEHICLE)
CMVR – VEHICLE TYPES :

CMVR:
Central Motor Vehicle Rules applicable
in India
Also Classified as:

2Wheeler,
3Weeler, and
4Wheeler
ECONOMIC COMMISSION
OF EUROPE (ECE )

Road Vehicle Types:

 Power Driven Vehicle

 Motor Vehicle

 Trailer Vehicle

 Vehicle Combinations
ECONOMIC COMMISSION OF EUROPE (ECE )
Some Ex:
 Convertible

 Pullman

 Coupe

 Articulated Bus
ECONOMIC COMMISSION OF EUROPE (ECE )

ECE – R.E. 3
Classification of Vehicle:
 Category L
 Category M

 Category N

 Category O

 Category G
USA CLASSIFICATION
SUMMARIZED COMPARISON:
SUMMARIZED COMPARISON:
POPULAR TRUCKS CLASSIFICATIONS IN
INDIA

 FFC: Full Forward Control

 LPT: Load Passenger cum Transport

 SFC: Semi Forward Control

CLASSIFICATION OF PASSENGER
VEHICLE:
Cars may be classified by a number of different criteria;
because a vehicle may fit into multiple categories, or not
completely satisfy the requirements for any.
Commonly used systems of classification. Where applicable is
a equivalent Euro NCAP classifications.
Car rental companies often use the ACRISS Car Classification
Code.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA),
based on interior passenger and cargo volumes.
A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA.
Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries
publishes its own classifications.
ACRISS CAR CLASSIFICATION CODE:
 First letter: Code Category
M Mini
Category N Mini Elite
E Economy
H Economy Elite
C Compact
D Compact Elite
I Intermediate
J Intermediate Elite
S Standard
R Standard Elite
F Fullsize
G Fullsize Elite
P Premium
U Premium Elite
L Luxury
W Luxury Elite
O Oversize
X Special
ACRISS CAR CLASSIFICATION CODE:
Code Type
 Second letter: B 2-3 Door
C 2/4 Door
Type D 4-5 Door
W Wagon/Estate
V Passenger van
L Limousine
S Sport
T Convertible
F SUV
J Open-air All Terrain
X Special
P Pickup (regular cab)
Q Pickup (extended cab)
Z Special offer Car
E Coupe
M Monospace
R Recreational vehicle
H Motorhome
Y 2-wheel vehicle
N Roadster
G Crossover
K Commercial van/truck
ACRISS CAR CLASSIFICATION CODE:
 Third letter: Code Transmission Drive
Transmission M Manual Unspecified
/ Drive N Manual 4-wheel
C Manual All-wheel
A Automatic Unspecified
B Automatic 4-wheel
D Automatic All-wheel
ACRISS CAR CLASSIFICATION CODE:
 Third letter: Code Fuel Air Cond.
R Unspecified Yes
Fuel / N Unspecified No
D Diesel Yes
Air Conditioning Q Diesel No
H Hybrid Yes
I Hybrid No
Example: E Electric Yes
 IDAR - Intermediate, 4-doors, C Electric No
automatic gearbox and air- L LPG Yes
conditioning (e.g. Vauxhall Insignia or S LPG No
Renault Megane Scénic) A Hydrogen Yes
 ECMN - Economy, 2/4 doors, manual B Hydrogen No
gearbox, no air-conditioning (e.g. Ford M Multifuel Yes
Fiesta or Opel Corsa F Multifuel No
V Petrol Yes
Z Petrol No
U Ethanol Yes
X Ethanol No
EURO CAR SEGMENT CLASSIFICATIONS:

A- SEGMENT MINI CARS

B- SEGMENT SMALL CARS
C- SEGMENT MEDIUM CARS
D- SEGMENT LARGE CARS
E- SEGMENT EXECUTIVE CARS
F- SEGMENT LUXURY CARS
S- SEGMENT SPORT COUPES
M- SEGMENT MULTI PURPOSE CARS
J- SEGMENT SPORT UTILITY CARS
(INCLUDING OFF-ROAD VEHICLES)
EURO NCAP CLASSIFICATIONS:
MICROCAR
HATCHBACKS, SALOONS (SEDANS) AND ESTATE CARS (STATION WAGONS)
CITY CAR
SUPERMINI/SUBCOMPACT CAR
SMALL FAMILY CAR/COMPACT CAR
LARGE FAMILY CAR/MID-SIZE CAR
FULL-SIZE CAR/LARGE CAR
COMPACT EXECUTIVE CAR/ENTRY-LEVEL LUXURY CAR
EXECUTIVE CAR/MID-LUXURY CAR
FULL-SIZE LUXURY CAR/GRAND SALOON
SPORTS CARS AND GRAND TOURERS
HOT HATCH / SPORT COMPACT
SPORTS SALOON / SPORTS SEDAN / LUXURY SPORTS
SPORTS CAR
GRAND TOURER
SUPERCAR
MUSCLE CAR
PONY CAR
CONVERTIBLE
OFF-ROADERS
SPORT UTILITY VEHICLE
CROSSOVER SUV
MULTI-PURPOSE VEHICLES / MINIVANS
VAN, CAMPER, RV, MINIBUS ETC.
EURO NCAP EXAMPLES:
SUMMERY OF CLASSIFICATION :
Car classification
American British Euro Car Segment[1] Euro NCAP Euro Examples
English English 1997 - 2009 NCAP[2]
Microcar Microcar, A-segment mini cars Supermini Passenger Isetta, Smart Fortwo
Bubble car car
Subcompact City car Fiat 500, Daewoo Matiz,
car Peugeot 107, Toyota iQ
Supermini B-segment small cars Ford Fiesta, Volkswagen
Polo, Opel Corsa,
Peugeot 207
Compact car Small family C-segment medium cars Small family Ford Focus, Opel Astra,
car car Toyota Auris,
Volkswagen Golf
Mid-size car Large family D-segment large cars Large family Ford Mondeo, Honda
car car Accord, Opel Insignia,
Volkswagen Passat
Entry-level Compact Alfa Romeo 159, BMW
luxury car executive 3 Series, Lexus IS, Volvo
car S60, Audi A4
Full-size car Executive E-segment executive cars Executive Ford Crown Victoria,
car car Holden Commodore,
Toyota Crown, Chrysler
300C
Mid-size Lexus GS, BMW 5
luxury car Series, Jaguar XF, Audi
A6, Volvo S80
Full-size Luxury car F-segment luxury cars - Audi A8, Jaguar XJ,
luxury car Maserati Quattroporte,
Mercedes S-Class
SUMMERY OF CLASSIFICATION :
Car classification
American British Euro Car Segment[1] Euro Euro Examples
English English NCAP NCAP[2]
1997 -
2009
Sports car Sports car S-segment sport coupes - Chevrolet
Corvette,
Porsche 911,
Ferrari 458
Italia, Nissan
Z-car
Grand Grand - Jaguar XK,
tourer tourer Ferrari 612
Scaglietti,
Maserati
GranTurismo
Supercar Supercar - Bugatti
Veyron,
Ferrari Enzo,
Pagani
Zonda
Convertible Convertible - BMW 6
Series,
Mercedes
CLK, Volvo
C70,
Volkswagen
Eos
Roadster Roadster Roadster Roadster Audi TT,
sports Honda
S2000, Lotus
Elise, Mazda
MX-5,
Porsche
Boxster
- Leisure M-segment multi purpose cars Small MPV Ford
activity MPV Tourneo
vehicle Connect,
Peugeot
Partner,
Škoda
Roomster
- Mini MPV Opel Meriva,
Fiat Idea,
Citroen C3
Picasso
Compact Compact Mazda5,
minivan MPV, Midi Opel Zafira,
MPV Ford C-Max,
Volkswagen
Touran,
Peugeot
5008
Minivan Large Large Chrysler
SUMMERY OF CLASSIFICATION :

Mini SUV Mini 4x4 J-segment sport utility Small Off- Off- Daihatsu Terios, Mitsubishi
cars (including off-road Road 4x4 roader Pajero iO, Suzuki Jimny
Compact Compact vehicles) BMW X3, Ford Escape, Honda
SUV 4x4 CR-V, Toyota RAV4, Chevy
Equinox
- Coupé - Isuzu VehiCROSS, SsangYong
SUV Actyon, BMW X6
Mid-size Large 4x4 Large Off- Ford Explorer, Jeep Grand
SUV Road 4x4 Cherokee, Volkswagen Touareg
Full-size Cadillac Escalade, Chevrolet
SUV Suburban, Range Rover, Toyota
Land Cruiser
Mini pickup Pick-up - Pick-up Pickup Chevrolet Montana, Fiat Strada,
truck Volkswagen Saveiro
Mid-size Chevrolet Colorado, Ford Ranger,
pickup truck Mitsubishi Triton/L200, Nissan
Navara
Full-size Dodge Ram, Ford F-150, GMC
pickup truck Sierra, Nissan Titan, Toyota
Hilux
 CLASSIFICATION OF INDIAN PASSENGER
VEHICLE:
The classification of segments are done as per length of the vehicle,
(Passenger car segment)
A1 - Mini - Upto 3400mm (M800, Nano)
A2 - Compact - 3401 to 4000mm (Alto, wagon r, Zen,i10,A-
star,Swift,i20,palio,indica etc)
A3 - Midsize - 4001 to 4500mm (City,Sx4,Dzire,Logan,Accent,Fiesta,Verna
etc)
A4 - Executive - 4501 to 4700mm (Corolla,civic,C class,Optra,Octavia, etc)
A5 - Premiun - 4701 to 5000mm (Camry,E
class,Accord,Sonata,Laura,Superb,etc)
A6 - Luxury - Above 5000mm (S class,5 series etc)
B1 - Van - Omni, Versa, Magic etc
B2 - MUV/MPV - Innova, Tavera, Sumo etc
SUV - CRV, Vitara etc

A segment, B segment etc were used earlier, though new terms came, still
old one is used most popularly.
But now the segmentation in India is done on the basis of length.
 OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE
 Light utility vans
 Truck van

 Road train

 Large-capacity road
train
 Semitrailer

 Bus
VEHICLE BODIES: COMMERCIAL
VEHICLES
 They are used for Safe and Efficient transport of person
and freight.
 Economic efficiency is determined by Ration of Usable
space to Overall vehicle volume, and
 Payload to Gross Vehicle Weight.

 From a Design point of view a distinction is made

between Cab-over-engine (COE) and Cab-behind-engine
(CBE) vehicles.
 Due to wide Diversity, Calculating dimensions of body
structure (unitized body, cab, chassis etc) takes a major
role in Design.
OVERVIEW OF LIGHT UTILITY VANS

 Panel van
 Platform van
 Double-cab low-
bed truck
 Chassis
OVERVIEW OF LIGHT UTILITY VANS
 They are Light Duty Vans (2 to 7 Tons) used in
Transportation of persons and local freight.
 Light utility vans with more powerful engines are also
increasing in long-distance transport.
 In both the case Stringent demands are made on vehicles
in term of Agility, Performance, user-friendliness, and
safety.
 Design Concept based on Front mounted engine, Front
or Rear-wheel drive, Independent suspension, Rigid axle,
and with Gross weight 3.5T and higher Twin tyres on the
rear axle.
MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS AND
TRACTOR VEHICLE
MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS AND
TRACTOR VEHICLE

 These vehicles have either load-bearing chassis or

partially load bearing body.
 Engine is at the Front, seldom fitted as an underfloor
engine between the axles.
 Vehicle is driven by Twin tire axle(s), rarly rear axle is
fitted with Single Tire.
 Type of truck undercarriage:

N=Z/L Where, N is Nos. of wheels

Z is Nos. of Driven wheel
and L is Nos. of Steered wheels
(Twin wheels count One wheel)
MEDIUM- AND HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS AND
TRACTOR VEHICLE

 Normal chassis have leaf- and air-sprung rigid front and

rear axles.
 Pneumatic suspension reduces body acceleration forces.

 Three axle vehicle are fitted with either a leading or

trailing axle to increase Payload Capacity.
BUSES:

Bus market offers a specific vehicle for practically every

application, results in wide range of Bus types, which
differ in their overall dimensions and Application.
 Microbuses: Carry up-to 19 Passengers, Developed from
Light-duty trucks or vans weighing approx. 4.5 t.
 Minibuses: Carry approx 25 passengers. Developed from
light-duty trucks or vans weighing up-to approx. 4.5 t.
Occasionally built on Ladder-type chassis. Modified
Suspensions & Body provides Optimum Comfort.
 BUSES:
 Midibuses: Carry up-to approx. 35 Passengers (Tour type) and
up-to 65 passengers (City type). Weighing up-to 12.5 t. Built on
ladder-type Chassis, also Integral-frame designs in operations.
Modified Suspensions & Body provides Optimum Comfort.
 Citybuses: Eqipped with Seating and Standing room. Short
intervals between stops in suburban transport requires rapid
passenger turn-over, achieved with Wide doors, Low boarding
and Floor Heights.
Specifications: Veh Length 12 mtr
GVW 18.0t
Nos of Seats 32 to 44 (Total up-to 105
Three Axle 15 mtr. Long Increased capacity up-to 135
 Tour Bus: Low, Two-axle stand. Bus Provide Comfortable Travel
through Double Decker
THANK YOU!