Comparative Models

in Policing
Hazel Asoy
asoyhazel@gmail.com
Opening Prayer

Lord God,

Thank you for the opportunity to learn in the midst of a pandemic.

Thank you for the life of my students and their eagerness to pursue
their studies and reach their goals.
Lord God, please guide my dear students through this time of study
We lay before you all the hopes and fears we have about the outcome.
Thank you that we are safely held in your love.
Thank you that whatever happens in the future we will live in your
goodness and walk with you always.

Amen.

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Links to download/ watch

Get a copy of the Course Syllabus: Watch the Online Classroom Rules:
https://bit.ly/30tmrEz https://youtu.be/u8P1xspbpY0

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 Topics
DIFFERENT POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
ASEANAPOL
INTERPOL
UN Convention Against Transnational Crimes
PNP Agreements with ASEAN Police Organizations

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INTERPOL
“
Imagine you are the victim
of a crime committed by
someone from another
country. How can police
catch the person?

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What is INTERPOL?
▪ INTERPOL stands for International Criminal Police Organization and it
is an inter-governmental organization. INTERPOL have 194 member
countries, and the organization help police organizations to work
together to make the world a safer place.
▪ To do this, INTERPOL enable police organizations to share and access
data on crimes and criminals, and offer a range of technical and
operational support.

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Who makes up INTERPOL?
▪ The General Secretariat coordinates the day-to-day activities to fight a
range of crimes. Run by the Secretary General, it is staffed by both
police and civilians and comprises a headquarters in Lyon, a global
complex for innovation in Singapore and several satellite offices in
different regions.
▪ In each country, an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB)
provides the central point of contact for the General Secretariat and
other NCBs. An NCB is run by national police officials and usually sits
in the government ministry responsible for policing.
▪ The General Assembly is the governing body and it brings all countries
together once a year to take decisions.
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Operating Model

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INTERPOL connects POLICE
▪ INTERPOL connect countries via a communications system called I-
24/7. Countries use this secure network to contact each other, and the
General Secretariat. It also allows them to access the INTERPOL
databases and services in real-time, from both central and remote
locations.
▪ INTERPOL also coordinate networks of police and experts in different
crime areas, who come together through working groups and at
conferences to share experiences and ideas.

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INTERPOL (EIGHT
NOTICES)
 The Eight Notices
Red Notice
To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to
extradition.

Blue Notice
To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in
relation to a crime.

Green Notice
To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have
committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in
other countries.

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 The Eight Notices
Yellow Notice
To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons
who are unable to identify themselves.

Black Notice
To seek information on unidentified bodies.

Orange Notice
To warn police, public entities and other international organizations
about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other
dangerous materials.
 The Eight Notices
Purple Notice
To provide information on modus operandi, procedures, objects, devices
and concealment methods used by criminals.

INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice

Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of UN
sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban. 

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OFFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY THE INTERPOL

Spanish
Arabic
French
English 15
INTERPOL’s Crime Programmes

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ASEANAPOL
What is ASEANAPOL?
▪ The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in
Manila, Philippines on the 21 to 23 October 1981. The Secretariat of
ASEANAPOL was on a rotational basis with member countries taking
turns to host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume
the role of the secretariat for the current year.

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What is ASEANAPOL?
▪ The 25th Joint Communique signed by the ASEAN Chiefs of Police
during the 25th ASEANAPOL Conference held in Bali, Indonesia,
expressly stated the need to establish a Permanent ASEANAPOL
Secretariat.

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ASEANAPOL logo

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Objectives of the establishment of a Permanent Secretariat
▪ To harmonize and standardize coordination and communication
mechanisms amongst ASEAN police institutions;
▪ To conduct a comprehensive and integrative study concerning the
resolutions agreed in the ASEANAPOL Joint Communiqués
▪ To establish a mechanism with the responsibility to monitor and follow
up the implementation of resolutions in the Joint Communiqués; and
▪ To transform the resolutions adopted in the Joint Communiqués into
ASEANAPOL Plan of Action and its work program

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 The working group which was set up to consider the viability of the permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat finalized that:
▪ The Secretariat shall be administrated based on the Terms of Reference;
▪ The Head of the Secretariat is an Executive Director, and he is assisted by 2
Directors
▪ The tenure of services are:
Executive Director - 2 years
Directors - 2 to 3 years
During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the
Terms of Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was
endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat for the Secretariat. The
ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully operational from the 1 January 2010.
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UN Convention Against
Transnational Crimes
Article 26. Measures to enhance cooperation with law
enforcement authorities
1. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to encourage persons
who participate or who have participated in organized criminal groups:
(a) To supply information useful to competent authorities for investigative
and evidentiary purposes on such matters as:
(i) The identity, nature, composition, structure, location or activities of
organized criminal groups;
(ii) Links, including international links, with other organized criminal groups;
(iii) Offences that organized criminal groups have committed or may commit;
(b) To provide factual, concrete help to competent authorities that may
contribute to depriving organized criminal groups of their resources or of the
proceeds of crime.

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Article 26. Measures to enhance cooperation with law
enforcement authorities
2. Each State Party shall consider providing for the possibility, in
appropriate cases, of mitigating punishment of an accused person who provides
substantial cooperation in the investigation or prosecution of an offence covered
by this Convention.
3. Each State Party shall consider providing for the possibility, in
accordance with fundamental principles of its domestic law, of granting
immunity from prosecution to a person who provides substantial cooperation in
the investigation or prosecution of an offence covered by this Convention.

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Article 26. Measures to enhance cooperation with law
enforcement authorities
4. Protection of such persons shall be as provided for in article 24 of this
Convention.
5. Where a person referred to in paragraph 1 of this article located in one
State Party can provide substantial cooperation to the competent authorities of
another State Party, the States Parties concerned may consider entering into
agreements or arrangements, in accordance with their domestic law, concerning
the potential provision by the other State Party of the treatment set forth in
paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article.

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
1. States Parties shall cooperate closely with one another, consistent with
their respective domestic legal and administrative systems, to enhance the
effectiveness of law enforcement action to combat the offences covered by this
Convention. Each State Party shall, in particular, adopt effective measures:
(a) To enhance and, where necessary, to establish channels of communication
between their competent authorities, agencies and services in order to facilitate
the secure and rapid exchange of information concerning all aspects of the
offences covered by this Convention, including, if the States Parties concerned
deem it appropriate, links with other criminal activities;

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
(b) To cooperate with other States Parties in conducting inquiries with respect to
offences covered by this Convention concerning:
(i) The identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected of involvement
in such offences or the location of other persons concerned;
(ii) The movement of proceeds of crime or property derived from the
commission of such offences;
(iii) The movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities used or
intended for use in the commission of such offences;

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
(b) To cooperate with other States Parties in conducting inquiries with respect to
offences covered by this Convention concerning:
(i) The identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected of
involvement in such offences or the location of other persons concerned;
(ii) The movement of proceeds of crime or property derived from the
commission of such offences;
(iii) The movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities used
or intended for use in the commission of such offences;

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
(c) To provide, when appropriate, necessary items or quantities of substances for
analytical or investigative purposes;
(d) To facilitate effective coordination between their competent authorities,
agencies and services and to promote the exchange of personnel and other
experts, including, subject to bilateral agreements or arrangements between the
States Parties concerned, the posting of liaison officers;

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
(e) To exchange information with other States Parties on specific means and
methods used by organized criminal groups, including, where applicable, routes
and conveyances and the use of false identities, altered or false documents or
other means of concealing their activities;
(f) To exchange information and coordinate administrative and other measures
taken as appropriate for the purpose of early identification of the offences
covered by this Convention.

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Article 27. Law enforcement cooperation
2. With a view to giving effect to this Convention, States Parties shall consider entering
into bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements on direct cooperation between
their law enforcement agencies and, where such agreements or arrangements already
exist, amending them. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements between the
States Parties concerned, the Parties may consider this Convention as the basis for
mutual law enforcement cooperation in respect of the offences covered by this
Convention. Whenever appropriate, States Parties shall make full use of agreements or
arrangements, including international or regional organizations, to enhance the
cooperation between their law enforcement agencies.

3. States Parties shall endeavor to cooperate within their means to respond to

transnational organized crime committed through the use of modern technology.

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Article 28. Collection, exchange and analysis of information
on the nature of organized crime
1. Each State Party shall consider analyzing, in consultation with the scientific and
academic communities, trends in organized crime in its territory, the circumstances in
which organized crime operates, as well as the professional groups and technologies
involved.

2. States Parties shall consider developing and sharing analytical expertise

concerning organized criminal activities with each other and through international and
regional organizations. For that purpose, common definitions, standards and
methodologies should be developed and applied as appropriate.

3. Each State Party shall consider monitoring its policies and actual measures to
combat organized crime and making assessments of their effectiveness and efficiency.

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Article 29. Training and technical assistance

1. Each State Party shall consider analyzing, in consultation with the scientific and
academic communities, trends in organized crime in its territory, the circumstances in
which organized crime operates, as well as the professional groups and technologies
involved.

2. States Parties shall consider developing and sharing analytical expertise

concerning organized criminal activities with each other and through international and
regional organizations. For that purpose, common definitions, standards and
methodologies should be developed and applied as appropriate.

3. Each State Party shall consider monitoring its policies and actual measures to
combat organized crime and making assessments of their effectiveness and efficiency.

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Article 29. Training and technical assistance
1. Each State Party shall, to the extent necessary, initiate, develop or
improve specific training programmes for its law enforcement
personnel, including prosecutors, investigating magistrates and
customs personnel, and other personnel charged with the prevention,
detection and control of the offences covered by this Convention.

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Article 29. Training and technical assistance
(a) Methods used in the prevention, detection and control of the offences covered by this
Convention;
(b) Routes and techniques used by persons suspected of involvement in offences covered by this
Convention, including in transit States, and appropriate countermeasures;
(c) Monitoring of the movement of contraband;
(d) Detection and monitoring of the movements of proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other
instrumentalities and methods used for the transfer, concealment or disguise of such proceeds,
property, equipment or other instrumentalities, as well as methods used in combating money-
laundering and other financial crimes;
(e) Collection of evidence;
(f) Control techniques in free trade zones and free ports;
(g) Modern law enforcement equipment and techniques, including electronic surveillance, controlled
deliveries and undercover operations;
(h) Methods used in combating transnational organized crime committed through the use of
computers, telecommunications networks or other forms of modern technology; and
(i) Methods used in the protection of victims and witnesses.
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Article 29. Training and technical assistance
2. States Parties shall assist one another in planning and implementing research and
training programmes designed to share expertise in the areas referred to in paragraph 1 of
this article and to that end shall also, when appropriate, use regional and international
conferences and seminars to promote cooperation and to stimulate discussion on problems
of mutual concern, including the special problems and needs of transit States.
3. States Parties shall promote training and technical assistance that will facilitate
extradition and mutual legal assistance. Such training and technical assistance may include
language training, secondments and exchanges between personnel in central authorities or
agencies with relevant responsibilities.
4. In the case of existing bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements, States
Parties shall strengthen, to the extent necessary, efforts to maximize operational and
training activities within international and regional organizations and within other relevant
bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements.

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United Nations
 The United Nations is an international organization whose aims
include promoting and facilitating cooperation in international law,
international security, economic development, social progress, human
rights, civil rights, civil liberties, political freedoms, democracy, and the
achievement of lasting world peace.
The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the
League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a
platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to
carry out its missions.
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 Principal Organs of UN
▪General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and
representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are
represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with
universal representation.
▪Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for
the maintenance of international peace and security.
▪Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination,
policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals. 40
 Principal Organs of UN
▪General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and
representative organ of the UN. All 193 Member States of the UN are
represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with
universal representation.
▪Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for
the maintenance of international peace and security.
▪Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination,
policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed
development goals. 41
 Principal Organs of UN
▪ Trusteeship Council
The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter,
under Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust
Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member
States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for
self-government and independence.
▪ International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice’s role is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory
opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs
and specialized agencies.

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 Principal Organs of UN
▪Secretariat
The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of
international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN
as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization's other principal
organs.
UN staff members are recruited internationally and locally, and work in
duty stations and on peacekeeping missions all around the world.

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“

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OFFICIAL LANGUAGE USED BY UN

Spanish
Arabic
French
English
Chinese
Russian 45
“ Peacekeeping is a unique and
dynamic instrument developed
by the Organization as a way to
help countries torn by conflict
create the conditions for lasting
peace.

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The PNP's international
deployments are:
▪CAMBODIA: 1992-93
▪United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
(UNTAC)
▪HAITI: 1994-95; 2004–present
▪Operation Uphold Democracy in Haïti - International
Police Monitors component EAST TIMOR: 1999-2002
▪UN Mission in East Timor (UNAMET)

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Qualifications
- Age Requirement
- Rank Requirement
- Service Requirement
- Physical Requirement
- Special Skills Needed
- Unit Recommendation Requirement
- Other Requirements

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Qualifications
AGE REQUIREMENT- must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon
actual deployment.
RANK REQUIREMENT
For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs):
- PINSP to PSUPT.
For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs):
- PO3 to SPO4.
All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their respective present ranks.
SERVICE REQUIREMENT- minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding
cadetship, officer orientation/trainee course, and police basic course)

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Qualifications
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT- passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted by
the PNP DHRDD, as well as medical, dental, and neuropsychiatric examinations.
SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED
Computer Literacy Requirement
Driving Proficiency Requirement
UNIT RECOMMENDATION REQUIREMENT- must be recommended by Unit
Commanders (Command Group or Directors of their respective Directorial Staff, National
Support Units, or Police Regional Offices).

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Other Requirements
1. must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a minimum Very
Satisfactory evaluation for two (2) consecutive rating semesters
2. must not have been repatriated from any previous UN mission for disciplinary
reasons.
3. must not have been convicted of any administrative or criminal offense; have
no pending administrative/criminal cases in any body/tribunal/court.
4. No applicant should be a witness to any administrative/criminal case, especially
those covered by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer with unresolved
cases.
5. Without firearm accountability as certified by the Directorate for Logistics
(DL).

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Other Requirements
TERM OF DEPLOYMENT
All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the UN Peacekeeping Mission shall have
one (1) year tenure, extendable to 6 months.
PRIORITY for DEPLOYMENT
1st priority- PNP personnel without previous UN Mission deployment
2nd priority- PNP personnel with previous UN mission deployment
Personnel who obtained the highest exam rating, or those superior in rank, length of
service, educational attainment, or with fewer missions, in such order shall have
priority for deployment.
DEFAULT
Non-submission of documentary requirements to the Secretariat on specified date
Failure to report for processing for deployment
Non-Attendance to the scheduled Pre-Departure Orientation Seminar (PDOS)

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 Salary and Fringe Benefits
DAILY SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCE (DSA)
MISSION AREAS: AMOUNT (USD):
HAITI (MINUSTAH) $150
DARFUR (UNAMID) $143
SOUTH SUDAN (UNMISS) $136
LIBERIA (UNMIL) $128
TIMOR-LESTE (UNMIT) $119

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WORKING HOURS & LEAVE/CTO
No. of Duty Hours/Day > at least 8 hours
No. of Days/Week > 7 days/week
Leave Accumulation > 1.5 days/month
Compensated Time Off (CTO)
Accumulation > 0.2 days/ day worked

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Selection and Qualifications Terms of Deployment

COVERAGE of the UNSAT Pre-qualifying Examinations will be as

follows:
▪ 1st Stage Written Examination- (Reading Comprehension,
Listening Comprehension, Report Writing)
▪ 2nd Stage Driving- Proficiency Test
▪ 3rd Stage Firing- Proficiency Test

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Qualifications
Age Requirement- All applicants must not be less than twenty five (25) years
old or more than Fifty three (53) years old upon actual deployment.
Rank Requirement- For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs): Only those
with the rank of Police Senior Inspector, Police Chief Inspector, or Police
Superintendent are allowed to apply. For Police Noncommissioned Officers
(PNCOs): Only those within the rank bracket of Police Officer 3 to Senior Police
Officer 4 are allowed to apply. All applicants must have been appointed in
permanent status in their respective present ranks.
Service Requirement- All applicants must have attained a minimum of five
(5) years of active police service (excluding cadetship, officer orientation/trainee
course, and police basic course) by the first day of the UNSAT examinations.

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Among the luminaries of the PNP Contingent

▪ Police Director Rodolfo A Tor- the first Filipino police commissioner

of a UN operation.
▪ Senior Police Officer 2 Ester A. Mardicas (deployed to East Timor in
August 1999)- first female member was noncommissioned .
▪ Police Inspector Aurisa I. Mitra (deployed to Kosovo in July 2000)-
first female police commissioned officer .

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PNP Agreements with ASEAN Police Organizations
Information exchange and international cooperation thru ASEANAPOL) and
INTERPOL National Central Bureau MANILA INITIATIVES.
Entry into a multi-lateral agreement with Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia and
Malaysia), "Agreement on Information Exchange and Establishment of Communication
Procedures" pertaining to transnational crimes.
MOU with the Government of Indonesia to address the problem of SALW, including
cooperation in exchanging information, participating in investigations and special
investigative techniques, preventing illicit trade of SALW, ammunition, explosives, and
explosives ingredients, facilitating the exchange of visits of official and experts from
agencies and relevant organizations, improving transparency in production, stockpiling and
transfer of SALW, ammunition, explosives, and explosives ingredients.

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Knowledge Check
Please click the link and answer the quiz
1 July 2020 (7:30 AM- 7:30 PM)
Thank you!