BLEPT Reviewer For Purposive Communication 2022 (A) Keynote Edited

Intellectual Competencies: Purposive
Communication in English
A BLEPT Review
Lecturer: DR. ARIES S. PEREZ
Associate Professor IV, Bicol University
BLEPT Review Coverage
Topic 1 – UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY
COMMUNICATION
Topic 2 – COMMUNICATION AIDS AND
STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF
TECHNOLOGY
Topic 3 – COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
Topic 4 – COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
Topic 5 – COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
PURPOSES
1
This refers to the process of meaning-
making through a channel or medium
A. Interaction
B. communication
C. discussion
D. interrogation
Purposive Communication
2
Which of the following is the primary
purpose of communication?
A. send messages between senders and receivers

B. ask and find answers
C. to get a job
D. to express one’s thoughts and feelings
3
This refers to a kind of communication
taking place only when there are more
than two people involved
A. Intrapersonal communication
B. Interpersonal communication
C. Small Group communication
D. Public communication
This is one of the four interpersonal principles which
4
postulates that one cannot anymore take back something
once it has already been said.
A. Interpersonal communication is contextual

B. Interpersonal communication is inescapable
C. Interpersonal communication is complicated
D. Interpersonal communication is irreversible
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING 21ST
CENTURY COMMUNICATION
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and
Ethics
Communication – the process of meaning-making
through a channel or medium. It comes from the
Latin word communis, meaning to share or to make
ideas common. It’s primary purpose is to send
messages between senders and receivers.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION relies on words to convey a
message.
1. Intrapersonal Communication - extremely private and

restricted to ourselves.
2. Interpersonal communication - takes place between two
individuals usually as a one-on-one conversation
3. Small Group Communication - take place only when
there are more than two people involved
4. Public Communication - happens when one individual
addresses a large gathering of people
FOUR PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable

- We cannot “not communicate.”
2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible
- You can't really take back something once it has been said.
3. Interpersonal communication is complicated
- No form of communication is simple.
4. Interpersonal communication is contextual
- communication does not happen in isolation.
- psychological, situational, environmental, cultural
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
B. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION is a process of
communication without using words or sounds.
C. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION is the medium through

which the message of the sender is conveyed with the
help of written words.
D. VISUAL COMMUNICATION involves the visual display of

information, wherein the message is understood or
expressed with the help of visual aids.
THE COMPONENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Nordquist (2018) describes the components of communication
a follows:
1. SENDER – the source

2. RECEIVER – the interpreter or message decoder
3. MESSAGE – the content/information relayed
4. MEDIUM – the channel of transmission
5. FEEDBACK – the confirmation response
6. NOISE – the interference
7. CONTEXT – the setting
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
COMMON BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
• Language Barriers
• Psychological Barriers
• Organizational Barriers
• Personal Barriers
OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
• Active Listening
• Use Simple Language
• Give Constructive Feedback
The Nine Principles of Effective Communication
Michael Osborn (2009) claims that communication must meet certain
standards for it to become effective
Clarity
Concreteness
Courtesy
Correctness
Consideration
Creativity
Conciseness
Cultural Sensitivity
Captivating
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMMUNICATION
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on the issues of right
and wrong in human affairs.
Remember that ethical communicators:

1. Respect audience
2. Consider the result of communication
3. Value truth
4. Use information correctly
5. Do not falsify information
Which of the following is the best way to avoid
5
miscommunication in a global context?
A. Comparing which culture is better

B. Understanding our cultural differences
C. Demanding others to abide our culture
D. Ignoring other people’s culture
The following are representations of impacts of
6
globalization to communication EXCEPT?
A. Virtual Reality
B. Virtual Interactions
C. Cultural Awareness in Speech
D. Time Differences
Because of zoom, Mr. Zapanta does not have to physically
7
meet international clients abroad. This shows what
particular impact of globalization on global
communication?
A. Availability of information
B. Business conduct
C. Social awareness
D. The problem
8
This cultural barrier to effective global
communication pertains to a person’s way belief that
“his or her culture is superior than that of others.”
A. Lack of knowledge of others’ culture

B. Language differences
C. Ethnocentrism
D. None of the above
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING 21ST
Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization
Communication has since been increasingly global, blurring
national boundaries. The ability to communicate effectively in a
global setting can be a challenge. Hence, to effectively
communicate in a global context, a general understanding of
the differences in conducting communication from one country
to another or from one culture to another helps avoid
miscommunication.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO
COMMUNICATION
1. Virtual Interactions
2. Cultural Awareness in Speech
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language
4. Time Differences
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL
COMMUNICATION (Danev, 2017)
1. Availability of Information.
2. Business Conduct
3. Social Awareness
4. The Problem
CULTURAL BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION IN A GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT
1. Ethnocentrism
2. Lack of knowledge of others' culture
3. Discrimination and harassment
4. Language differences
STRATEGIES TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE GLOBAL
COMMUNICATOR (KRIZAN, 2014)
1. Review communication principles.

2. Analyze the message receiver.
3. Be open to an accepting of other cultures.
(cultural relativism)
4. Learn about cultures and apply what is learned.
5. Consider language needs.
STRATEGIES TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE
GLOBAL COMMUNICATOR
(www.books forbetterliving.com):
• Mindful Presence
• Mindful Listening
• Mindful Speech
• Unconditional Friendliness
• Mindful Responsiveness
In some culture, dresses and skirts are proudly worn by
9
men. Which of the following socio-cultural aspects of
communication illustrate this?
A. Age identity
B. Social class
C. Gender role
D. Religious identity
Which of the following shows ethnicity as a cultural
10
factor in multicultural settings?
A. People can have different ethnic preferences

B. People can have ethnic preferences different from their race
C. People have ethnic preferences parallel to their race
D. People have a singular ethnic preference regardless of race
11
Which of the following is NOT a strategy
in communicating across cultures?
A. People should be mindful of their words

B. People should stick to their own way of thinking
C. People should be observant
D. People should pay attention to the culture of others
12
A Japanese foreign student is talking to a
Filipino student visiting Japan. Which of the
following forms of intercultural
communication does this represent?
A. International communication
B. Interethnic communication
C. Interracial communication
D. Intracultural communication
13
"I am unhappy with how that meeting went. We
were not prepared with our presentation.” This
shows what communication style?
A. Daily Context Communication

B. High Context Communication
C. Low Context Communication
D. Business Context Communication
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING 21ST
Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication
(Dapat, et al, 2016)
1.Cultural identity
2.Gender role
3.Age identity
4.Social class
5.Religious identity
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
(Cotton, 2013)
• Mother tongue and • Religion
secondary languages • Regional attire
• Race • Teachers
• Ethnicity
• Gender
• Local culture
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings
(Cotton, 2013)
• Experience
• Friends • Politics
• Neighborhood • Physical features
• Education • Media
• Profession
STRATEGIES IN COMMUNICATING ACROSS
CULTURES
(Dapat, et al, 2016)
• People should be mindful of the other communicators who
have different culture.
• People should mindfully choose the suitable words and
actions that are culturally acceptable to others.
• People should be skillful and tactful in communicating in
multicultural settings
• People should be observant on the connection among
communication patterns
• People should open their minds to dissimilar culture because it
can give them fresh options to try a new approach in life.
FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
(Jandt, 1998)
a. Interracial communication –
communicating with people from different
races
b. Interethnic communication – interacting
with people of different ethnic origin
FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
(Jandt, 1998)
c. International communication –
communicating between representatives
from different nations.
d. Intracultural communication –
interacting with members of the same racial
or ethnic group or co-culture
Gamble and Gamble (2008)
Communication style among cultures DIFFER.
• High Context Communication – this is a tradition-

linked communication system which adheres strongly
to being indirect.
• Low Context Communication – is a system that

works as straightforward communication
Improving Intercultural
Communication Competence
(Gamble and Gamble 2008)
• Recognize validity and differences of

communication styles among people
• Learn to eliminate personal biases and
prejudices
• Strive to acquire communication skills in a
multicultural world
14
Which of the following is a
characteristic of written language?
A. It is usually in dialogue form

B. It is momentary
C. It follows a particular structure
D. It is spontaneous
I noticed that Ricardo uses simple words when talking at
15
home but he uses words I can’t even understand when
talking to a client as a lawyer. This shows what particular
nature of language variation?
A. Language varies in speaking and writing.

B. Language varies in terms of mood
C. Language varies when communicating with people within (local) and
outside (global) our community
D. Language varies in every day and specialized discourses
16
This dimension of register pertains to the
subject matter of the text.
A. Field
B. Mode
C. Tenor
17
Kids who are playing computer games use a
particular game-related vocabulary that only
those playing the game can understand. This
shows which of the following domains of
language variation?
A. Global everyday oral

B. Global everyday written
C. Local specialized written
D. Local specialized oral
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING 21ST
Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and
Written Language
• Written language is carefully organized and
explanatory. Word of choice is deliberate and
follow a particular structure.
• Spoken language is spontaneous and

momentary; it is mostly maintained in the form of
a dialogue.
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English:
Written English Spoken English
Flow of language steady Pauses -

utterances
Organization structured Less particular
with structure
Register Both formal and Mostly informal
informal
Nature of Language Variation
(Lin, 2016)
• Language varies when communicating with people

within (local) and outside (global) our community
• Language varies in speaking and writing
• Language varies in every day and specialized
discourses
Three Dimensions of a Register in
the Context of Communication
(Halliday, 1978)
• Field (what) is the subject matter of the text
• Tenor (who) is the relationship between those
involved in the communicative act, e.g. writer and
reader, speaker and listener
• Mode (how) refers to text construction, looking at
whether it is based on written or spoken forms of
communication
Eight Different Domains of Language
Variation
(Mahboob, 2014)
1. Local everyday written - this may include instances of local
everyday written usage found in the neighborhood posters
(e.g. a poster looking for transients/bed spacers).
2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communication

among neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of
languages.
Variation
(Mahboob, 2014)
3. Local specialized written - an example of local specialized
written usage can be found in the publications and web sites
of local societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier.
4. Local specialized oral - involves specialized discourses. For

example, in a computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized
local usage can be found (e.g. specialized computer game-
related vocabulary is used).
Variation
(Mahboob, 2014)
5. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make
the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can
be found in international editions of newspapers and
magazines.
6. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between

people coming from different parts of the world when they talk
about everyday casual topics.
Variation
(Mahboob, 2014)
7. Global specialized written expands to as many readers
internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial
expressions (e.g. international research journal articles)
8. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different

parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form
(e.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic
conference).
Language Varieties
• Pidgin – one that develops between speakers of different
languages that do not share a common language
• Creole – develops out of a pidgin that became a child’s first
language
• Regional Dialect – a variety of language spoken in a
particular area
• Minority Dialect – a language variety of a particular ethnic
group
• Indigenized Varieties – spoken mainly as second languages
in ex-colonies in multilingual populations
Different Registers in Different Forms
and Functions
• Frozen or “static” register

• Formal register
• Consultative register
• Casual register
• Intimate register
Three Types of Language
Registers
• Formal
• Informal
• Neutral
18
This refers to the the study of media,
including ‘hands-on’ experiences and media
production.
A. Media
B. Media Education
C. Literacy
D. Media Literacy
19
We watched the same movie but only my
friend Lara liked it. This shows what
particular concept of media literacy?
A. All Media messages are constructed.

B. Media have embedded values and point of
view
C. Each person interprets messages differently
D. Media have commercial, ideological or political
interests
20
Which among the following is NOT one of the skills
one must possess as media literate communicator?
A. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter how

credible their source.
B. Combines emotional and rational reactions from messages
C. Understand and respect the power of mass communication messages.
D. Understand content by paying attention and filtering out noise.
CHAPTER 1
UNDERSTANDING 21ST
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or Images of
Different Types of Texts Reflecting Different Cultures
• Media refers to all electronic or digital means and
print or artistic visuals used to transmit
messages.
• Literacy is the ability to encode and decode
symbols and synthesize and analyze messages.
• Media literacy is the ability to encode
and decode the symbols transmitted via
media and the ability to synthesize,
analyze and produce mediated
messages.
• Media education is the study of media,
including ‘hands-on’ experiences and media
production.
• Media literacy education is the educational
field dedicated to teaching the skills
associated with media literacy
Key Concepts of Media Literacy
(Center for Media Literacy, 2005)
1. All Media messages are constructed.
- What is the message of the text?

- How effectively does it represent reality?
- How is the message constructed?
2. Media have embedded values and point of

view
- What lifestyles, values, and points of view are

represented in the text?
- Who or what is missing?
3. Each person interprets messages differently
- What message do you perceive form the text?

- How might others understand it differently and
why?
4. Media have commercial, ideological or
political interests
- What is the purpose of the text?

- Who is the target audience of the text?
- Who might be disadvantaged?
- Who created the text and why?
5. Media messages are constructed using a creative

language having its own rules
- What techniques are used and why?

- How effective are the techniques in supporting the
messages or themes of the text?
- What are the other ways of presenting the message?
Skills as Media Literate
Communicator
• Understand and respect the power of mass
communication messages.
• Understand content by paying attention and

filtering out noise.
Skills as Media Literate
Communicator
• Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions
to mass communication content in order to act
accordingly.
• Develop heightened expectations of mass

communication content.
Skills as Media Literate Communicator
• Understand genre conventions and recognize when
they are being mixed.
• Think critically about mass communication messages,
no matter how credible their source.
• Understand the internal language of mass
communication to understand its effects, no matter how
complex.
21
Kim uses textbooks aside from just downloading
everything online in preparing her presentation. What
particular step in making effective multimedia
presentations does this refer to?
A. Know the audience

B. Use a variety of resources
C. Know the purpose of the presentation
D. Gather information
22
Which of the following is one of the things
you must do when citing sources?
A. Use full biographical references

B. Omit the author’s name
C. Do not include the website of the source
D. Do not ask permission from the author of material
23
When organizing information in a
multimedia presentation it is advisable to
have
A. the least important information placed on top

B. no logical presentation order
C. a list of subpoints
D. only one main idea per slide
24
During his presentation, Andrew was surprised to
find out that his slide background was too bright
for his text content. This shows that he overlooked
what particular technical issue?
A. Text
B. Contrast
C. Fonts
D. Design
25
To ensure effective visual, one must not forget to
add _______________ in the images included in
their presentation.
A. captions
B. headings
C. numbers
D. sources
CHAPTER 2
COMMUNICATION AIDS AND
TECHNOLOGY
Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
(brainly.ph)
• Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.

• Multimedia systems are integrated.
• The information they handle must be represented
digitally.
• The interface to the final presentation of media is
usually interactive
Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations
They are visually oriented (displayed on a monitor or projected to a

screen)
They allow users to use different modalities

- Text
- Graphics
- Photos
- Audio
- Animation
- Video
Special Features of Computer-based
Presentations
1. Custom navigation (hyperlinks) between and among

slides to other media found locally or in the web
2. Can be made into hard copy printouts or transparencies
3. Can be uploaded to the web
Steps in Making Effective Multimedia
Presentations
1. Know the purposes of the presentation

2. Know the audience
3. Gather information
4. Use a variety of resources
- Textbooks
- Digital resources (photos, images, videos, etc.)
Presentations
5. Do not forget to cite sources

- Write the author’s name, title of the work, and date of
publication
- Include the website of the web page address of the source
- Non profit educational use of online materials for a lecture
generally qualifies as “fair use” but it is still better to ask
permission from the author if possible
- Always use full biographical references for all citations
Presentations
6. Organize the information

- List the main points
- Have only one main idea per slide
- Present ideas in a logical order
- Place important information near the top
Presentations
7. Check technical issues
- Contrast (Dark text over light background and vice-versa)
- Use only one design and color scheme in the presentation*
- Avoid clutter
- Avoid patterned or textured backgrounds
- Use large font size (minimum 18)
- Use fonts that are easy to read
- Avoid too much text
Presentations
8. Be creative
- Use transitions and animations to add interest
- But don’t overdo it
Developing Effective Visuals
• Visual aids are clearly integrated with the content
of the presentation
• Photographs and illustrations suit the overall tone
of the presentation
• Images and text are large and clear enough for
the viewer to see or read
• Images are shown with explanatory text or a
caption
• Informational graphics include clear, easy-to-read
labels and headings
• Text within informational graphics is easy to read
(Watch out for wordiness and crowded text or a
font that is too small and hard to read.)
• Formatting choices (color, different fonts,

etc.) organize information effectively
• Any text within graphics is free of errors
• Hyperlinks within slides function properly
• Formatting choices (color, different fonts,

etc.) organize information effectively
• Any text within graphics is free of errors
• Hyperlinks within slides function properly
• Display text for hyperlinks is concise and

informative (Never paste a link into a
slide without modifying the display text.)
26
How many seconds of commentary does a
pecha kucha presentation allow per slide?
A. 10
B. 20
C. 30
D. 40
27
Which among the following is best used in
telling a story using a pecha kucha
presentation?
A. Topic sentence
B. text
C. images
D. timing
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGY
Lesson 2: Preparing a Pecha Kucha Presentation
What is a Pecha Kucha Presentation?
• Calls for telling a story using images rather than reading
text from slides during a PowerPoint presentation.
• Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow

only 20 seconds of commentary per slide. That keeps a
total presentation to just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha
Presentation
• Topic in a Sentence
• Keep Slide text to a Minimum
• Find the story in your topic
• Tell story with images
• Use just few points
• Timing
• Visual Cues
28
Which among the following is an example of
a blog by media type?
a. Online diary
b. Travelog
c. Sketchblog
d. Book blog
29
This is a kind of blog suitable for non-
profit organizations
A. Aggregated blog
B. Personal blog
C. Corporate blog
D. Collaborative blog
30
This is a kind of blog that focuses on a
particular subject only.
A. Blog by media type

B. Blog by genre type
C. Blog by mood type
D. Blog by target type
This kind of blog involves the posting of small 31
pieces of digital content such as link or short
videos
A. Aggregated blog
B. Microblogging
C. Personal blog
D. Collaborative blog
32
This can be considered as “the blog of the
readers as authors.”
A. Personal blog
B. Reverse blog
C. Collaborative blog
D. Corporate blog
33
This is a type of blog by media type which
involves solely the use of photos?
A. Moblog.
B. Book blog.
C. Vlog
D. Photoblog
34
Which among the following is a kind of blog that
you can make out of a mobile device?
A. Moblog.
B. Book blog.
C. Vlog
D. Photoblog
35
Photoblogs, vlogs, and sketchblogs are all
examples of?
A. Blog by media type

B. Blog by genre type
C. Blog by mood type
D. Blog by target type
This type of blog comes from both individuals 36
and organizations combined focusing on
selected feeds on specific topics, products, or
services
A. Reverse blog
B. Collaborative blog
C. Aggregated blog
D. Personal blog
37
This is most probably the most minimalist
way of effectively introducing a blog. Which
of the following below is it?
A. Share Something Personal

B. Share a quote
C. Lead With a Success Story
D. Be Short and Direct
“Do you sound smarter when you use big words?” 38
“According to a study published in Applied Cognitive

Psychology, the answer is no.”
Which of the following ways of introducing a blog is this?
A. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph

B. Debunk Conventional Wisdom
C. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
D. Lead with a Success Story
39
If you want to compel a reader to keep reading
right at the beginning of your blog, which of these
will you start it with?
A. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph

B. Debunk Conventional Wisdom
C. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
D. Lead with a Success Story
40
This is one of the best ways you can introduce
your blog by adding credibility and solid
foundation to it.
A. Share a shocking fact or statistic

B. Share a quote
C. Share something personal
D. Lead with a success story
Which among the following effective ways of 41
introducing a blog allows you to establish a
deeper connection with your readers?
A. Share a shocking fact or statistic

B. Share a quote
C. Share something personal
D. Lead with a success story
CHAPTER 2
TECHNOLOGY
Lesson 3: Blogging
Different Types of Blog
• Personal blog
• Collaborative blogs/group blogs
• Microblogging
• Corporate and Organizational blogs
• Aggregated blogs
• By genre
• By media type
• By device
• Reverse blog
Effective Ways of Introducing a Blog
1. Be Short and Direct

2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph

3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question

4. Ask a Multiple Choice Question

5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic

6. Share Something Personal

7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information

8. Debunk a Conventional Wisdom

9. Lead
with a Success
Story
10. Start
With a Reader’s
Question
11. Share a Quote

• Debunk Conventional Wisdom

• Lead With a Success Story
• Start With a Reader’s Question
• Share a quote
42
Giving informative speeches like reports is
an example of what type of communication?
A. Informative communication
B. Persuasive communication
C. Argumentative communication
43
Which of the following is NOT an
example of informative
communication?
A. debate
B. lectures
C. reports
D. demonstrations
44
Which among the following types of
communication aims to change the point of
view of one’s target listeners?
45
This is one of the primary forms of proof
in argumentative communication
pertaining reasons
a. ethos
b. logos
c. pathos
d. None of the above
46
This primary form of proof in argumentative
communication pertains to one’s status ?
a. ethos
b. logos
c. pathos
d. None of the above
47
Which of the following is one of the
three impulses giving rise to informative
communication according to Osborn
(2009)?
a. We seek to expand territory
b. We seek to become relevant
c. We seek to expand our awareness
d. We seek to dominate others
Purposive
PurposiveCommunication
Communication
48
Below are questions you ask when preparing
for an informative information exchange,
EXCEPT
a. What do my recipients already know?

b. How will I convince them?
c. What more do they have to know?
d. Is my topic noteworthy?
49
Towards the end of his speech, Marco showed a
pair of bloodstained shoes telling the audience not
to allow their children to be the next victim of gun
violence. Which among the following did he do as
far as persuasive communication goes?
a. Appeals to reason
b. Appeals to feelings
c. Appeals to ethics
d. Appeals to parents
50
In closing, the mayor told his constituents that any
of them can become the next face of their city if
they believe in themselves. Which of the following
persuasive communication style did the mayor
adhere to?
A. has higher ethical obligation

B. asks for strong audience commitment
C. turns the audience into agents of change
D. Providing choice among options
51
This type of communication heavily
relies on evidences
52
Misuse of facts in an argumentative
communication is an example of?
A. Defective patterns of reasoning

B. Defective thinking
C. Defective evidence
D. Defective testimony
53
Which among the following is one of the
evidential fallacies in argumentative
communication?
A. Confusing facts with opinions

B. Inappropriate evidence
C. Flawed proofs
D. Defective arguments
Student A: We should protect the dolphins guys. 54
Student B: Oh really? Well do you care about those
wrongfully accused people behind bars?
This conversation shows what particular evidential

fallacy?
A. Slippery Slope
B. Myth of the Mean
C. Red Herring
D. Flawed Proofs
55
This particular evidential fallacy in
argumentative communication insists that
one minor flaw can snowball into the worst
possible scenario.
A. Slippery Slope
B. Myth of the Mean
C. Red Herring
D. Flawed Proofs
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and
Argumentative Communication
Informative Communication involves giving than
asking. As an informative communicator, you want
your receivers to pay attention and understand, but
not to change their behavior.
Osborn (2009) purports that informative
communication arises out of three deep
impulses:
a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around

us.
b. We seek to become more competent.
c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and
how they are made.
When preparing for an informative exchange,
ask yourself the following questions:
1. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered informative?

2. What do my recipients already know about my topic?
3. What more do they have to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to help my
receivers understand it?
Persuasive Communication is an art of gaining fair
and favorable considerations for our point of view. It
does the following:
a. provides a choice among options.

b. advocates something through a speaker.
c. uses supporting material to justify advice.
d. turns the audience into agents of change.
e. asks for strong audience commitment.
f. gives importance to the speaker's credibility.
g. appeals to feelings.
h. has higher ethical obligation.
Argumentative Communication relies heavily on
sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has
been studied since the Golden Age of Greece and has
been improved through time. According to Aristotle,
logos (reasons), ethos (status) and pathos (emotions)
are the three primary forms of proof.
Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective
argumentation, the following must be
avoided:
1. Defective evidence
• Misuse of facts
• Statistical fallacies
• Defective Testimony
• Inappropriate evidence
Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective
argumentation, the following must be
avoided:
2. Defective Patterns of Reasoning

• Evidential fallacies
a. Slippery slope
b. Confusing facts with opinion
c. Red herring
d. Myth of the mean
• Flawed proofs
• Defective arguments
Informative Persuasive Argumentative
Communication Communication Communication
focuses on talking about act of presenting arguments used to settle disputes and
people, events, processes, to move, motivate, or change discover truth
places, or things; however, your audience
informing an audience about
one of these subjects without
being persuasive is often a
difficult task to complete.
56
This refers to the process of speaking in a
structured deliberate manner that aims to inform,
influence, or entertain an audience
A. Public address
B. Public debate
C. Public speaking
D. Public campaign
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 2: Public Speaking
Public speaking is a process of speaking in a structured,
deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain an audience.
Speech is the term used to refer to the body spoken

expressions of information and ideas. A speech may be
delivered in any of the following modes: read from a
manuscript, memorized and delivered extemporaneous or
impromptu. The choice of mode of speech delivery is
determined by factors such as length of preparation,
complexity of message, purpose, and occasion.
Reading from a Manuscript
- >word-for-word iteration of a written message
Memorized
- rote recitation of a written message that the
speaker has committed to memory.
Lesson 2: Public Speaking
Extemporaneous
-> carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken
in a conversational manner using brief notes
Impromptu
-> presentation of a short message without advance
preparation.
57
This is a type of inquiry letter that is used
when the sender wants to know about
something without knowing anything about
the receiver
A. solicited
B. unsolicited
C. Formal email
D. Informal email
58
This is the discourse that occurs between
an employer and a job applicant
A. Review
B. Interview
C. Academic Discussion
D. Recitation
59
How do you show creativity during an
interview?
A. By staring at the interviewer
B. By dressing up corporately
C. Audio recordings
D. By answering difficult questions with style and ease
60
How do you show your sensibility
during an interview?

C. By asking insightful questions
61
How do you demonstrate professionalism
and proper work ethic during an interview?

C. By asking insightful questions
CHAPTER 3
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 3: Making Inquiries
What is an Inquiry
Letter?
requesting, asking, or obtaining a
specific information to another
party whom it is addressed
What is an Inquiry
Letter?
to pose a request or question to

the reader and persuading one to
respond
Types of Inquiry Letter
Solicited - used when a business is
advertising its product or services
Unsolicited - inquiring regarding

something if the sender doesn’t know the
receiver
Content and Organization of an
Inquiry Letter
A. Heading or letterhead
B. Inside Address
C. Salutation
D. Body of the letter
- First paragraph (providing background)
- Middle Paragraph (specific information sought)
- Final Paragraph (express expectation and gratitude in advance
for the recipient’s response)
E. Complimentary Close
F. Signature
What about E-mails?
• supervisors giving orders
• oral exchanges among employees about work matters
• assembling and distributing reports
• composing and sending e-mail messages to other
workers within the company, other companies in and
outside the country
For more effective email communications (and
also letters), remember the following:
1. Be courteous.
2. Keep messages as concise and clear as possible.
3. Proofread and spellcheck before sending.
4. Provide a short but descriptive subject line.
5. Although some parts of the email are optional, it is enabling to
know all the other parts.
What is an Interview?
- conversation which occurs between a potential

employer and a job applicant.
- employer can appraise applicant’s qualifications,

appearance and general fitness for the job opening
Tips in Conducting an Interview
1. Display sense of responsibility by coming to the

scheduled interview on time and prepared.
2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study about

the employer, hiring manager and job
opportunities.
3. Suggest sense of loyalty by verbalizing intention to
stay longer with the company.
4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that you

can work with less supervision.
5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions with
style and ease
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work ethic

by dressing up corporately during the interview.
7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident, candid,
and precise.
8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful

questions.
9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself.
10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the

interviewer for his or her time.
62
This refers to the assessment reports
done in order to monitor the condition of
the patient?
A. Initial notes
B. Interim or progress note
C. Discharge notes
D. Patient notes
63
In the SOAP method of organizing
patient notes, which among the
following represents the “diagnosis”?
A. Subjective
B. Objective
C. Assessment
D. Plan
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Communication for Nurses (Writing Basic
Patient Notes)
Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes
A patient note is the primary communication tool to

other clinicians treating the patient, and a statement
of the quality of care.
Types of Patient Notes
• Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest
assessment
• Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment
reports done in order to monitor the condition of the
patient
• Discharge notes: are the reports given once
medication is discontinued or the patient is release
from the hospital
Way of Organizing Patient Notes (SOAP)
• Subjective (assessment given by the

family member or patient himself)
• Objective (assessment seen by you or

reflected in laboratory or other medical
reports)
Way of Organizing Patient Notes (SOAP)
• Assessment (diagnosis)
• Plan (procedures to be done to address

the diagnosis)
64
This is a type of lead that contains a brief
summary and answers most of the five W’s
and H in a single sentence
A. Question Lead
B. Funny Lead
C. Descriptive Lead
D. Straight lead
This is the kind of a quick lead that makes use of 65
a relevant story to draw in the reader
A. Question Lead
B. Anecdotal Lead
C. Descriptive Lead
D. Quotation lead
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: Writing a
Lead
The Five W’s and H: (Straight Lead)
- answer as many of these questions as possible in a
single sentence.
- most vital for readers to know.

Whatever type of lead you decide to
use, remember to:
1. emphasize the most important details

2. be specific and concise; and
3. use active verbs as much as possible.
Tips on Writing a Lead as an Opening
Paragraph for a News Article
Keep It Short:
provide all the information the reader requires in just a few

words; preferably between 25 and 40 words.
Keep It Simple:
- Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives or

adverbs.
- only discuss one idea to avoid confusion.

Write in Active Voice:
Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Passive voice is

often the result of incomplete reporting.
Structure Your Lead Properly:
Put your most crucial information at the very beginning

of the sentence.
Write in a way that speaks to the realities of life
including the addition of relevant and useful
information.
Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a

certain type of information with your lead, you should be
ready to deliver it.
Types of Lead
Summary Lead or Straight Lead
- brief summary, containing most of the Five W’s and

H in one sentence.
Types of Lead
Question Lead
- ask a question
Quotation Lead
- use direct quotation used in first paragraph
Types of Lead
Funny Lead
- lead written in a funny way
Descriptive Lead
- describe how an event happened rather than
simply telling what the event is about
Types of Lead
Anecdotal Lead
- quick, relevant story to draw in the reader.

66
Which of the following is a good suggestion to
follow to become an effective tour guide?
A. Give your tour commentaries as fast as you can.

B. Keep your tour commentaries heavy with information.
C. Write and read your tour commentaries.
D. Deliver your tour commentaries at the right time.
67
Which of the following is NOT one of the
things you should do when dealing with
complaints as a tour guide?
A. Show apathy towards the tourist

B. Express your empathy
C. Act on the complaints later
D. Ask for another tour guide’s help
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 3: Communication for Tourism: Tour Guiding
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business
purposes. Like other businesses, tourism is highly
perishable. Hotel with no booking, buses and airlines with
no passengers lose their value. Promotion of tourism,
therefore, is necessary to sustain the industry. This is
where tour guides contribute best.
Communicative Goals in Tour Guiding
1. Inform, remind and advise

2. Promote and persuade
3. Clarify
4. Build rapport and relationships
5. Gather feedback for improvement
Communicative Tasks for Tour Guides
1. Receiving telephone calls Promote and

persuade
2. Preparing an itinerary
3. Giving tour commentary
Here are some suggestions for effective
tour commentaries:
• Deliver tour commentaries at the right time.
• Keep your commentaries light as tours are primarily for leisure.
• Adjust your pace according to the speed of the vehicle.
• Extend the commentary if necessary. Anecdotes and humor add life to
the travel experience of the tourists.
• Add personal and positive comments about the place.
• Do not write or read what you will say. Reading will make you an
unprofessional tour guide.
Communication Techniques
in Dealing with Complaints
• Acknowledge the tourists' right to complain.
• Express your empathy. Listen attentively and
understand where they are coming from.
• Act on their complaints as soon as possible.
• Offer an alternative plan/solution for problems.
• Follow through on the solutions.
68
This is an interactive art using words and
actions that encourage the listener's
imagination
A. Extemporaneous Speech
B. Storytelling
C. Lecturing
D. Declamation
69
This pertains to a detailed explanation of an
image that provides textual access to visual
content
A. Image Data
B. Image Source
C. Image Description
D. Image Type
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling
Storytelling - interactive art using
words and actions to reveal the
elements and images of a story while
encouraging the listener’s imagination
Image Description
- a detailed explanation of an image that

provides textual access to visual content;
- digital graphics online and in digital files

Reasons Why Storytelling is a
Recommended Teaching Strategy
1. Cooter (1991) and Bla (1998) forwarded that the
excitement and drama of storytelling provide a
context that, holds students’ attention.
2. Stories are an enormous language treasure.
3. Storytelling provides a lively atmosphere and a
real life environment that encourages the students
to participate.
This is a diagram that shows an organization's or 70
person's key strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
A. SWAP Analysis
B. SWAT Analysis
C. Comparison Analysis
D. SWOT Analysis
71
All are benefits of doing a SWOT
analysis EXCEPT
A. Builds organization’s strengths

B. Minimize its response to opportunities
C. Reverse its weaknesses.
D. Helps overcome its own threats
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade
A SWOT analysis or a SWOT matrix is a diagram that
shows an organization's or person's key strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Doing this type of
analysis, any organization, corporation, or company can
innovate or adapt new ways or strategies to put itself
better in the corporate world.
Internal factors VS External factors
1. Internal factors. Internal factors are things that we can
control. An example is when workers in a company spend
time and effort on fixing computer crashes. As a solution to
this problem, the employees could be trained or better
software could be purchased.
2. External factors. External factors are things we cannot

control. For example is inflation rate of goods due to
government regulations.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/SWOT_en.svg/800px-SWOT_en.svg.png
A Simple Example of a SWOT Analysis
STRENGTH: Tony attended post graduate.
WEAKNESS: He has no work experience.
OPPORTUNITY: He can be relocated to other places.
THREAT: In his city, there are less jobs related to his field.
Benefits of SWOT Analysis
(managementstudyguide.com)
• It is a source of information for strategic

planning.
• Builds organization’s strengths.
• Reverse its weaknesses.
• Maximize its response to opportunities.
Benefits of SWOT Analysis
(managementstudyguide.com)
• Overcome organization’s threats.

• It helps in identifying core competencies of the firm.
• It helps in setting of objectives for strategic
planning.
• It helps in knowing past, present and future so that
by using past and current data, future plans can be
chalked out.
72
Which among the following types of formal
reports is used to persuade or help decision
makers to choose between available
options?
A. Financial report
B. Credit report
C. Feasibility report
D. Sales activity report
73
Which among these types of formal reports
is characterized as one that attempts to
describe why or how something happened
and explains what it means.
A. Informational reports
B. Analytical reports
C. Research reports
D. Recommendation reports
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Report
What is a Report?
It is a comprehensive document that covers all
aspects of the subject matters of study. It presents
the results of an experiment, investigation, research
or an inquiry to a specific audience.
Characteristics of a Report
1. It presents information not an argument.
2. It is meant to be scanned quickly by the reader.
3. It uses numbered headings and sub headings.
4. It is composed of short and concise paragraphs.
5. It uses graphic illustrations such as tables, graphs, pie
charts, etc.
6. It may have an abstract or an executive summary.
7. It may or may not have references or bibliography.
8. It often contains recommendations and/or appendices
Report Categories
I. Informal Reports
• It functions to inform, analyze, and recommend.

• It may be in the form of a memo, financial report, monthly activities
report, development report, research, etc.
• It is written according to an institution's style and rules. Introductory
and prefatory parts are not required.
• It is used for conveying routine messages.
Types of Informal Reports
A. Progress report - written to provide information about the way project is developing
B. Sales activity report - helps a firm to understand about the progress of
the sales people and also identify the shortcomings
C. Personnel evaluation - used by an organization to assess an employee's performance
D. Financial report - presents formal record of the financial activities
of a business, person, or other entries
E. Feasibility report - assesses the viability of a new project; details whether or not a
project should be undertaken and the reasons for that decision; persuades or helps the
decision makers to choose between available options
F. Literature review - conveys to the readers the work already done and the knowledge
and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research
G. Credit report - details report of an individual's credit history
Report Categories
II. Formal Report
• It is an official report that contains a collection of detailed

information, research, and data necessary to make decisions.
• It is formal, complex and used at an official level.
• It is often a written account of a major project.
• It may be in the form of launching a new technology or a new
project line, results of a study or an experiment, a review of
developments in the field, etc.
Types of Formal Reports
Type Characteristics Examples
Informational • Provides data, facts, • Results of a research on the
report feedback, and other types of rise of HIV patients
information without analysis
or recommendations.
• Presents an update of an
operation, an information or
status of a current research
so readers can understand a
particular problem or
situation.
Analytical Reports • It goes beyond just • Explanation of what causes a
presenting results. phenomenon.
• Analytical reports present • Explanation of the potential
results analyze those results, results of a particular course
and draw conclusions based of action.
on those results. It attempts • Suggestion which option,
to describe why or how action, or procedure is best.
something happened and • Report writing on monthly
explains what it means. budgets, staff absentees and
so on..
Recommendation Reports • This type advocates a • Using treatment X is more
particular course of action.. efficient than treatments Y
• What should one do about a and Z. However, that does
problem? not mean that you will use
• Can a team do something? treatment X as cost and
• Should one change other considerations might
techniques, methods, recommend treatment Y.
technology, or do something
else?
Research Reports • Most widely used report • Writing a report on some
usually in the university level product development
• Report writing for your
competitor’s activities
Case Study Analysis Reports • Includes real life examples • Widely used in university
researches in various fields
like medicine
Parts of a Report
Part of the Brief Description Contents Language
report Characteristics
Title Page Name of the • Name of the report in all caps (e.g. Factual
report FINAL REPORT)
• Receiver's name, title, and
organization
• Team name and team members
• Date submitted (month/date/year)
• The author/s, and their association/
organization.
• No page number on title page (page 1
is executive summary)
Parts of a Report
Table of Contents What you find in • Show the beginning page number Factual
the report where each report heading appears in
the report (do not put page. number
range, just the first page number).
• Connect headings to page numbers
with dots.
• Headings should be grammatically
parallel
• Include major section headings and
sub-headings
• No page number on TOC page
Parts of a Report
Executive A summary of the • Should be no longer than one page Factual, use of
Summary report • It provides the key recommendations third person, use
and conclusions, rather than a of passive verbs
summary of the document
Introduction Background, • Briefly describe the context. Factual, use of
problem, • Identify the general subject matter. third person, use
approach, • Describe the issue or problem to be of passive verbs
definition of special reported on.
words used • State the specific questions the report
answers.
• Outline the scope of the report (extent
of investigation)
Parts of a Report
Methods Methods or • For surveys give the number of Factual, use of
procedures surveys distributed, how was it third person, use
which led to distributed, how the population was of passive verbs
the findings chosen.
• For observations give how, when, and
where the observations occurred.
Findings Results, • Provide summary paragraph of key Factual, use of

Investigation, findings and their significance at end third person, use
Research, and of section: of passive verbs
Calculation • Explain all graphs in writing.
• Arrange the findings in logical
segments that follow your outline.
• Use clear, descriptive headings.
• Present "just the facts", no opinions,
and no feelings.
Parts of a Report
Conclusion Conclusion. • Interpret and summarize the findings. Transition signals
drawn from • Say what they mean. such as it seems
the findings • Relate the conclusions to the report that, the results
issue/problem. indicate that, It is
• Limit the conclusions to the data probable that,
presented; do not introduce new etc.
material.
• Number the conclusions and present
them in parallel form.
• Be objective: avoid exaggerating or
manipulating the data
Parts of a Report
Recommendation Things that • Make specific suggestions for actions Factual, use of
should be to solve the report problem third person, use
done as a • Avoid conditional words such as of passive verbs
result maybe and perhaps
• Present each suggestion separately
and begin with a verb
• Arrange the recommendations in an
announced order, such as most
important to least important.
Bibliography Books,
magazines
journals
reports, etc.
74
This is a type of resumé designed to be read
by computers and hence are formatted using a
single typeface without italics or bold
A. Print resumé
B. Scannable resumé
C. Functional resumé
D. Targeted resumé
Which of the following features of a resumé 75
shows that it is professionally packaged and
reader-friendly?
A. Succinctness
B. Design
C. Comprehensiveness
D. Organization
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The
Resume
What is a Resumé?
A resume is a persuasive summary of your

qualifications for employment.
- top skills and qualities
- consists of one to two pages
- communication skills, openness, creativity and commitment
- must include the same keywords that can be seen to
the job description
Types of Resumé
1. Print resumés are printed on paper for prospective
employers to scrutinize. They
are designed to emphasize key information using bold
or italic typeface.
2. Scannable resumés are designed to be read by

computers; hence, they are to be
formatted using single typeface or without italics or
bold.
Features of a Resumé
1. Organization (chronological, functional, or targeted)
a. Chronological resume is the general listing of all your academic and

work experience from the most recent to the oldest.
b. Functional resume is organized around various kinds of experience.
c. Targeted resume generally announces the specific goal up to top, just

beneath your name, and offers information selectively. You can show only
the experience and skills relevant to your goal.
Features of a Resumé
2. Succinctness
(a resumé must be concise)
3. Comprehensiveness
(a resumé must present all important details)
4. Design
(a resumé should be reader-friendly and be
professionally packaged)
76
Which of the following shows that your
application letter has a pleasing tone?
A. It clearly explains your reason for applying

B. It indicates your skills
C. It is neat and error-free
D. It is complete in terms of parts
77
All are effective ways of supporting the “claim”
that you are qualified for a position that you are
applying for EXCEPT?
A. Indicate educational qualifications

B. Indicate notable references
C. Indicate your contact details
D. Indicate your work experiences
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The
Application Letter
What is an Application Letter?
An application letter serves as a formal introduction of

yourself to your prospective employer. It goes with your
resume, so you don't have to give much information. It
does, however, have to make favorable impression so
you can get an interview. This is achieved through
how the letter is written and presented.
Features of an Application Letter
1. Qualifications
2. Pleasing Tone
3. Format
Guidelines for Writing an Application
Letter
1. Focus
2. Stay on Topic
3. Think of your letter as an argument
4. Choose an appropriate salutation
5. Proofread
78
Which among the following is NOT a
reason to use a memo?
A. Solicitation for opinions

B. Submission of requirements
C. Changes in policies
D. Request for further information
79
Which is NOT TRUE about the following
principles and characteristics of a memo?
A. It should be clear, concise, and specific.

B. It should be easy to understand.
C. It should have emotional appeal.
D. It provides sufficient information.
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The
Memorandum
What is a Memorandum or Memo?
short concise message or record that is used for

internal communication in a business,
administration, or an institution
When to Use a Memo
(Joe LoCiero, 2007)
1. Announcements for diverse occasions

2. Changes such as policies, procedures or processes
3. Confirmations of discussions, decisions and meetings
4. Documents for submission such as reports, data, research
and results of survey
5. Recommendations
6. Requests for further information
7. Solicitations for opinions
Effective Memos Must Be…
a. Civilized
b. Concise
c. Coherent
d. Compelling
e. Correct
Basic Principles and Characteristics of
Memorandum (Sharma, 2014)
• Provide necessary and sufficient Information
• Do not assume that everyone knows Everything
related to the issue discussed in the Memo
• Be Clear, Concrete and Specific
• Easy-to-Understand
• Explain with Ease and Co-operation
• NO Emotional Appeal
• Short as possible and concise.
• Use simple English.
• Avoid using jargons.
• Use a captivating Heading by bolding or using
different colors for the heading.
• Be aware of the important information that needs to
be included in the memorandum.
• Be aware of the grammars and spelling.

• Anticipate any questions your readers might have.
In which of the following instances is 80
an “outsider” allowed to write the
minutes of a meeting?
A. During common meetings
B. During meetings held in the senate
C. During meetings with classmates
D. During meetings with coaches
81
According to Robert’s Rule of Order,
which of the following is excluded in the
minutes of a meeting?
A. Opinions or judgments
B. Motions raised
C. Kind of meeting
D. Names of all present members
CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATION FOR
VARIOUS PURPOSES
Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of a Meeting
Minutes of a Meeting Defined
detailed notes reflecting all actions done within

the meeting;
reminder to the task that must be completed after

the discussion
Robert’s Rule of Order (2005) recommends
that minutes contain the ff:
• Committee or organizational name

• Kind of meeting (regular board meeting, an annual meeting, a meeting
of the housing committee or a special meeting)
• Date, location, and time of beginning and adjournment.
• Names of the chair and secretary or their substitutes.
• Names of all present members
• Names of guests and their role in the meeting.
• Reference to approval of last meeting's minutes.
• Motions raised.
• Reports.
Robert’s Rule of Order (2005) recommends
that minutes exclude the ff:
• Condemnation or honors
• Discussion
• Extended repeating of reports
• Opinions or judgments
Who should write the minutes?
• a member of the organization or institution

(common meetings)
• an outsider must be the note taker or recorder to avoid
biases and maintain impartiality
(government meetings)
82
This is the process of copying the
words of the author and combining
them with your own .
A. Plagiarism
B. Quoting
C. Paraphrasing
D. Summarizing
83
This refers to the “practice of claiming
credits for the words, ideas, and
.
concepts of others.” “
A. Plagiarism
B. Quoting
C. Paraphrasing
D. Summarizing
84
When you articulate the important ideas of
the original text in a compendious
comprehensive and concise form, you are
essentially doing what is called as “
A. Plagiarism
B. Quoting
C. Paraphrasing
D. Summarizing
85
When are you supposed to add
quotation marks on the statement that
you have quoted? “
A. When they are longer than 50 words

B. When they are less than 30 words
C. When they are more than 40 words
D. When they are less than 40 words
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
Important Concepts to Remember
Quoting
- copying the words of the author and intertwining these words
to your own. Following the American Psychological Association
(APA), 6th edition format, quoted statements fewer than 40
words are incorporated in the texts and are enclosed in
quotation marks while statements composed of more than 40
words are set off as block quotations and are not enclosed in
quotation marks.
Plagiarism
- It is defined as "the practice of claiming credits
for the words, ideas, and concepts of others"
(American Psychological Association [APA],
2010, p170).
Paraphrasing
- It entails using your own words and own style of
writing to state another author's idea.
Summarizing
- warrants the articulation of the important ideas
of the original text in a compendious
(comprehensive and concise) form. Hence, a
research article can simply be summarized in
less than ten sentences.
86
Which of the following is NOT an
attribute of a pure research? “
A. Aims to find the truth

B. Conducted for knowledge’s sake
C. Also known as action research
D. Also known as library or desk research
87
This type of research is also termed as
“action research.”
A. Applied
B. Pure Research
C. Comparative
88
All of these are attributes of quantitative
research EXCEPT
A. inquiry into a social or human problem

B. based on testing a theory
C. conducted in a natural setting
D. determine whether the generalization of the theory will hold
true
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic
Proposal
What is Research?
- scientific method which uses logical and
systematic procedure for the acquisition of
new knowledge
- verification or confirmation of previous and
existing knowledge to answer problems and to
apply them in practical life.
Types of Research
Pure Research APPLIED
- to find the truth ● Practical application

- to seek knowledge of knowledge to
simply for knowledge’s everyday situations.
sake
- library or desk ● Also termed as
research action research
Quantitative Research
- inquiry into a social or human problem
- based on testing a theory
- variables, measured with numbers, and
analyzed with statistical procedures
- determine whether the generalization of the
theory will hold true
Qualitative Research
- based on building a complex, holistic picture,

formed with words, reporting detailed views
of informants
- conducted in a natural setting
Common Elements of a Research Report
• Research Title
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results/Findings and Discussion
• Conclusions and Recommendations
• References
How to Finalize a Research Topic
• Decide on the topic you want to research on
• Search, read, and summarize as many related
articles or studies to your chosen topic as you can
• Figure out research gaps or areas of the the topic
that are not yet explored.
• Establish a research gap, research objective, and
research question so you can finally formulate a
working title for your study
89
Which among the the following is NOT
one of the ways to write a research
introduction? “
A. Present historical background

B. State the significance of your research/study
C. Decide on the topic you want to research on
D. Specify research goals and objectives
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The
Introduction
How to Write Research Introduction
✓ Inverted pyramid presentation (general to specific)
✓ Present historical background
✓ State the significance of your research/study
✓ Specify research goals and objectives
✓ Identify the beneficiaries of your research

90
Which among the following research
designs is suitable for a quantitative
study? “
A. Phenomenology
B. Experimental
C. Case Study
D. Narrative
91
Which of the following is NOT a
consideration in selecting a research
approach? “
A. Experience
B. Study Locale
C. Audience
D. Research Problem
92
A research hypothesis is only required
when your research problem entails
_____________ “
A. Qualitative Approach
B. Mixed Approach
C. Quantitative Approach
93
All of these are methods of data
collection EXCEPT
A. Data Analysis
B. Observation
C. Questionnaire
D. Interview
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method
Research Concepts
1. Research Approaches (qualitative/quantitative)
2. Research Designs (experimental for quantitative; phenomenology,
case study, grounded theory and narrative for qualitative; and sequential,
concurrent and transformative tor mixed method.)
3. Research Techniques (rating behaviors, field observation,
close-ended measures and open-ended measures (Creswell, 2003)
Methods of Data Collection
1. Questionnaire
2. Interview
3. Observation
4. Records
Parts of A Research Method
1. Design
2. Population and Locale
3. Data Gathering Tool
4. Data Collection
5. Data Analysis
6. Ethical Consideration
94
This literary approach primarily focuses
on the information provided by the text
alone
A. Historical
B. Marxist
C. Reader’s Response
D. Formalism
95
This is concerned with the “comparison” of
the work in question to other texts in
literature to get a broader picture or
perspective in analyzing and understanding it
A. Mimetic
B. Inter-textual
C. Psychological
D. Archetypal
96
This literary approach is concerned with
the role of women in society as
portrayed in the texts
A. Mimetic
B. Marxism
C. Feminism
D. Archetypal
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis
Writing a Literary Analysis
1. The introduction should capture the reader’s interest

2. The body is the development of the thesis statement.
3. The conclusion should echo the thesis statement.
4. The references list of entries cited in the literary
analysis text must be provided
Different Approaches to Literary Criticism
Different Approaches to Literary Criticism
• Formalist criticism
• Deconstructionist criticism
• Historical criticism
• Inter-textual criticism
• Reader-response criticism
• Mimetic criticism
• Psychological criticism
• Archetypal criticism
• Marxist criticism
• Feminist criticism
97
This academic paper starts from the
premise that politics does not consist
merely of human actions and interaction
A. Literary analysis
B. Reaction paper
C. Political analysis paper
D. Research paper
98
Which among the following is a
requirement for doing a decent political
analysis paper? a
A. Passion for history as a subject

B. Extensive reading and research
C. Exposure to historical events
D. Political figure preference
99
What is the minimum number of
scholarly sources required in writing a
political analysis paper?
a
A. 5
B. 2
C. 3
D. 1
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 6: Writing A Political Analysis Paper
A Political Science Analysis Paper
✓ starts from the premise that politics does not consist merely
of human actions and interaction
✓ involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs
✓ answers questions pertaining to actions, procedures, and
implementation of politics;
✓ analyzes political events in the past and the present, and;
✓ investigates political phenomenon from diverse standpoints
Requirements for a Decent
Political Analysis Paper
1. Vast understanding of local politics and international affairs
2. Extensive reading and research
3. Knowledge of the parts of a political analysis paper
a. Introduction - defines political terms, states the motive and thesis

b. Body - analyzes data, presents arguments in paragraphs, gives proof
c. Conclusion - extrapolates the ideas stated in the body and makes
counter-arguments
Requirements for a Decent
Political Analysis Paper
4. Objectivity of the writer or author

5. Citation and referencing
6. Formality of tone
7. Clear, concise, and well-structured sentences
8. Clearly-defined terms
Pointers in Writing a Political Analysis
Paper
• Remember to cite all references you used, with either the
MLA (Modern Language Association) or the APA (American
Psychological Association) writing style.
• Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking
Sides: Clashing Views on Political Issues, academic books,
journals, newspapers and magazines, etc.
Pointers in Writing a Political Analysis
Paper
• Use subheadings as you begin each section.
• Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the
pages together
100
Under which P of preparing an
academic presentation does evaluating
the audience and context belong?a
A. Presume
B. Present
C. Prepare
D. Plan
101
Which of the following is the overall
goal of preparing your academic
presentation’s introduction? a
A. Evaluate the context

B. Present your goals and objectives for the paper
C. Establish a positive impression
D. Prepare the content
CHAPTER 5
COMMUNICATION FOR
ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Lesson 7: Making Academic Presentation
An Academic Presentation Must Have…
• Understanding of the topic and the audience

• Appropriate breadth and depth
• An argument in the content
• A distinct beginning, middle and end
• Suitable visual aids
• Evidence of having practiced the talk
• Proper timing/length
The Three P's of an Academic
Presentation
Plan
Prepare
Present
Plan
(determine the purpose of the presentation)
• Setting your objective

• Evaluating your audience
• Evaluating the context
Prepare
(create a well-organized presentation)
• Prepare the content

• Prepare the visuals
• Evaluating the context
Present
(energize and deliver the presentation)
Purposive
Communication

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Intellectual Competencies: Purposive

A. send messages between senders and receivers

A. Interpersonal communication is contextual

1. Intrapersonal Communication - extremely private and

1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable

C. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION is the medium through

D. VISUAL COMMUNICATION involves the visual display of

1. SENDER – the source

Remember that ethical communicators:

A. Comparing which culture is better

A. Lack of knowledge of others’ culture

1. Review communication principles.

A. People can have different ethnic preferences

A. People should be mindful of their words

A. Daily Context Communication

Communication style among cultures DIFFER.

• High Context Communication – this is a tradition-

• Low Context Communication – is a system that

• Recognize validity and differences of

A. It is usually in dialogue form

A. Language varies in speaking and writing.

A. Global everyday oral

• Spoken language is spontaneous and

Flow of language steady Pauses -

• Language varies when communicating with people

2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communication

4. Local specialized oral - involves specialized discourses. For

6. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between

8. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different

• Frozen or “static” register

A. All Media messages are constructed.

A. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter how

1. All Media messages are constructed.

- What is the message of the text?

2. Media have embedded values and point of

- What lifestyles, values, and points of view are

3. Each person interprets messages differently

- What message do you perceive form the text?

- What is the purpose of the text?

5. Media messages are constructed using a creative

- What techniques are used and why?

• Understand content by paying attention and

• Develop heightened expectations of mass

A. Know the audience

A. Use full biographical references

A. the least important information placed on top

• Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.

They are visually oriented (displayed on a monitor or projected to a

They allow users to use different modalities

1. Custom navigation (hyperlinks) between and among

1. Know the purposes of the presentation

5. Do not forget to cite sources

6. Organize the information

• Formatting choices (color, different fonts,

• Formatting choices (color, different fonts,

• Display text for hyperlinks is concise and

• Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow

A. Blog by media type

A. Blog by media type

A. Share Something Personal

“According to a study published in Applied Cognitive

Which of the following ways of introducing a blog is this?

A. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph