COCO

COMMUNIT
Y
EXPOSURE
AND
SERVICES
MUMMUNITY
EXPOSURE AND
SERVICE
 • Community as a network or
informal relationships between
CONCE
people connected with each other
PTbyOFkinship, common interest,
COMMUgeographical proximity,
NITY
friendship, occupation or the
giving and receiving of services
or various combination of theses.
• The term community describes
the nature of a particular series of
connections between individuals
which binds them together into a
group. The coherency of the
group will depend on the number
and strength of these connections
between individuals.
• Talcott Parsons defined community as collectivity the members of
which share a common territorial area as their base of operation for
daily activities.

• According to Tonnies community is defined as an organic natural

kind of social group whose members are bound together by the
sense of belonging, created out of everyday contacts covering the
whole range of human activities. He has presented ideal-typical
pictures of the forms of social associations contrasting the
solidarity nature of the social relations in the community with the
large scale and impersonal relations thought to characterize
industrializing societies.
• Kingsley Davis defined it as the smallest territorial group that
can embrace all aspects of social life.
• Karl Mannheim community is any circle of people who live
together and belong together in such a way that they do not share
this or that particular interest only but a whole set of interests.
• Some of the connections which
bind people together into a
community
• A. a common geographical area
• B. a common interest
• C. ethnic origin
• D. disability
• E. Common purpose
• F. consistency of interaction
• G. common/shared values, beliefs
and outlook
• H. common perception of experience
• COMMUNITYY AS A
GEOGRAPHICAL CONCEPT
• According to ROBERT E PARK AND
ERNEST W. BURGESS;
• ‘Community is the term which is
applied to societies and social groups
where they are considered from the
point of view of the geographical
distribution of the individuals and
institutions of which they are
composed.’
 • Mabel A Elliott and Francies
E Merrill
COMMUNITY AS A • ‘The community has two
N
A related aspects, the
T
U
geographical and the
R psychological.
A
L Geographically it may be
L
considered as a contiguous
O distribution of people with
C their social
A
L institutions….psychologically
we may think of the
A
R
community in terms of the
E elements that combine to
A
make it a dynamic and living
entity.’
ARTHUR E MORGAN

‘A community is an
association of individuals
and families that plan and act
in concert as organized unit
in meeting their common
needs.’
• The community as a geographical concept
• ‘geographical distribution of the individual and
institution
• The community as a natural local area characterized
by equal stress on both aspects

• Act together in order to provide for mutual protection

and welfare
• living in a contiguous territory
• Participation in collective life which gives unity to the
population of a locality
• The community as a socially homogenous area
characterized by group interaction
• It stresses on consensus ,identification, a common
way of life,
shared interests and values
 1.Group of
people
9. A Particular 2. Definite
name locality

ELEME
8.Wider ends
3.Community
sentiment NTS OF
COMM
7.Size 4. Likeness UNITY
6.Neutrality 5.Permanency
Three elements of
community sentiment

1. We feeling
COMM
UNITY
2.Role feeling
SENTI
MENT
3. Dependency feelings
TYPES OF
COMMUNITY

1. GEOGRAPHIC 2. COMMUNITY OF
COMMUNITY INTEREST
1. production- distribution-
consumption

2. socialization
FUNCTI
3. social control
ONS OF
COMMU
4. social participation
NITY

5. mutual support
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
COMMUN
ITY AND
SOCIETY
• Population is one of the most essential
characteristics of a community irrespective of
the consideration whether people have or do
not have conscious relation. Population is
important but here the population is
conditioned by a feeling of oneness. Thus
conscious relations are more important than
the mere population for a society.
• A community by nature is discrete as
compared with society. By nature and
character society is abstract.
• For community area or locality is very
essential and that perhaps is the reason that
the community had a definite shape. Society
is area less and shapeless and for a society
area is no consideration.
• Community has comparatively narrow scope of community sentiments
and as such it cannot have wide heterogeneity.
• A society has heterogeneity and because of its wide scope and field can
embrace people having different conflicts.
• The scope of community is narrow than that of society because community
came much later than the society. Though the primitive people might not
have understood the importance of community but they realized that of the
society and lived in it.
• • A society has much wider scope as compared with the community.
The
• In a community every effort is made to avoid differences or conflicts and
to bring likeness as nearly as possible because cooperation and conflicts
cannot exist in a community.
• In a society likeness and conflict can exist side by side and in fact the scope
of society is so vast that there is every possibility of adjustment.
• A community cannot be self sufficient because of its limited scope and
nature . It is possible for a society to become self suficient
 • Community social work is a basic
method of social work which starts
COMMU
from problems affecting individual or
NITYthe responsibilities and
groups,
SOCIAL
resources of social work departments
WORK
and informal organizations, it seeks
to support ,enable and formal and
informal relationships.[BARCLAY]
• Community social
work is about
encouraging people to
discover their resources
and possibilities in
order to work for
positive change in their
community. People
have the right to
participate in decision
making process that
affecting them.
• Social work with
communities is a
generalist practice
method that enables
individuals and groups
to achieve a more
desirable level of life
satisfaction as well as
more effective levels
of adaptation.
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE APPROACH

3.communit
1.social 2.social y
action planning developmen
t
• The means and ends of
community social
work are not merely to
provide people with
services and or
resources, to make
possible the process of
discovering and
learning together by
which communal life
is created.
 • It fights against poverty and social exclusion
• It aims to include service users as full and
active citizen
• It challenges discrimination by race, disability,
NATUR
age, religion, gender and sexual orientation.
E OF
• It is about people working together.
COMMU
• It promotes participation in decision
making and gives people more power.
NITY
• It works for prevent problems.
SOCIAL
• It encourage people to learn skills and
knowledge and confidence through taking
WORK
actions.
• It supports joint work. Action can range from
individual self help to lobbying and
campaigning.
 •ELEME
Community
NTS OF
• Needs of community
COMMU
• Institutions
NITY
• Representatives
SOCIAL
• Process
WORK
• 1. a. community as people
b. community as social system

• 2. felt needs
• community needs assessments
• Needs/problems can be identified by
understanding the community as a whole.
• Particularly concerned with the needs of
those who have been disadvantaged or
oppressed through poverty, discrimination on
the basis of race, class, gender, age or
disability.
3. Formal and informal institutions have been
working for fulfillment of needs of community
and providing services.

4. community worker as community

development worker and community
organizer work as representative. They work
as guide, as enabler, as teacher, as mediator
etc.

5. social work process or community work

process. By itself it cannot possibly substitute for
wider processes of economic, social, and political
changes. But it has the potential to contribute to
such wider process of changes and in relation to
the development of more preventive and more
participatory approaches to social work. The
process can promote more appropriate, more co
ordinated and more democratically accountable
approaches to economic and social planning, to
meet social needs.
• Community social work based on felt needs
•PHILOS
Community social work based on
assumptions that people wants to be free
OPHY
from poverty and pain
OF
• It is assumed that people wish to have
COMMU
freedom in controlling their own lives
NITY
• Peoples value has given due consideration
• Self help is the base of community social
SOCIAL
work
• WORK
People are the greatest resources
• Community social work involves changes.
 • Making contact with individuals, groups and
organizations.
• Developing a community profile, assessing
TASK
community resources and needs.
OF
• Developing a strategic analysis and planning aims,
objectives and targets.
COMMU
• Working productively with conflict, within and
NITYbetween groups and organizations.
WORKE
• Working
counselling
with individuals, including
RS
• Managing resources, including staff,
time and budgets
• Supporting group and
organizations in obtaining
resources
• Monitoring and evaluating progress
and the most effective uses of
resources
• Collaborating and negotiating
with other agencies and
professions
Community: a “group of people with
a common characteristic or interest
DEFINI
living together within a larger society”
orTIONS
a “body of persons or nations
having a common history or common
social, economic, and political interests
Community Development

DEFINI
a process whereby the efforts of
Government
TIONS are united with those of
the people to improve the social,
cultural, and economic conditions in
communities
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
“Community development is the participation of
people in a mutual learning experience involving
themselves, their local resources, external change
agents, and outside resources. People cannot be
developed. They can only develop themselves by
participating in activities which affect their wellbeing.
People are not being developed when they are herded
like animals into new ventures.”

Julius Nyerere, 1968

 UNITED NATION’S
REPORT STATES THAT:

“Community Development is the process

designed to create conditions of economic
and social progress for whole of
community development with its active
participation and fullest possible reliance
on community initiative.”
  Community Development seeks to
empower individuals and groups
BACKGR of people by providing them with
OUND the skills they need to effect
change within their communities.
AND These skills are often created
CONCEPT through the formation of large
social groups working for a
OF common agenda.
COMMU  It is a broad term given to the
NITY practices of civic leaders,
activists, involved citizens and
DEVELO professionals to improve various
PMENT aspects of communities, typically
aiming to build stronger and more
resilient local communities
  Community development is a
BACKGR process where community
members come together to take
OUND collective action and generate
AND solutions to common problems.“
 Community development is a
CONCEPT process where community
OF members come together to take
COMMU collective action and generate
solutions to common problems.
NITY Community wellbeing (economic,
DEVELO social, environmental and
cultural) often evolves from this
PMENT type of collective action being
taken at a grassroots level.
  Community development is a
BACKGR grassroots process by which
OUND communities:
AND  Become more responsible
 Organize and plan together
CONCEPT  Develop healthy lifestyle options
OF  Empower themselves
COMMU  Reduce poverty and suffering
NITY  Create employment and economic
DEVELO opportunities
 Achieve social, economic,
PMENT cultural and environmental goals
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH
APPROACHES TO
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Capacity building
Social capital
Nonviolent direct action
Economic development
Community economic development
Sustainable development
Community-driven development(CDD)
Asset-Based Community Development(ABCD)
Faith-based community development;
Community-based participatory research(CBPR)
Community organizing
Participatory planning
APPROACHES TO
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Capacity building
Social capital
Nonviolent direct action
Economic development
Community economic development
Sustainable development
Community-driven development(CDD)
Asset-Based Community Development(ABCD)
Faith-based community development;
Community-based participatory research(CBPR)
Community organizing
Participatory planning
 COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS
Community development projects are
aimed at strengthening local communities.
There are many different ways to develop
communities. Types of community
development projects include those aimed
at improving the safety of its members, and
enhancing social and cultural performance
in the region.
Financing community development
projects, foundations, and local
organizations can motivate the community
cities and villages for the purpose of future
growth and development.
 Some development programs can be
directed to assisting specific segments
of the population to satisfy their social
needs.
Decrease in unemployment rate
projects.
This assistance can be realized through
TYPES OF building job training centers for the
unemployed and helping adults in the
COMMUNITY community find employment. To
DEVELOPMENT achieve this goal, local companies can
PROJECTS cooperate with community
organizations to hire displaced
workers. The programs provide job-
related training, job search assistance,
and other programs. Job placement
programs that are aimed at lowering
an unemployment rate can also
involve educational programs that are
conducted at universities and colleges.
 Homelessness prevention projects.
Community programs aimed at
preventing homelessness in the
community can involve upgrading
facilities for homeless people, economic
empowerment for low-income families,
helping no-income families in gaining
access to public funding and receiving
help from the government.
TYPES OF
COMMUNITY Neighborhood stabilization projects.
DEVELOPMENT A neighborhood stabilization programs
PROJECTS are dealing with foreclosures and home
abandonment. The local governments
can purchase foreclosed and abandoned
homes in the community region. The
thing is abandoned homes often become
centers of various crimes. Neighborhood
stabilization programs may demolish an
abandoned home or redevelop it for
more productive use. It helps in
improving the overall economic outlook.
 Domestic violence community
projects.
Such projects provide relief to the
victims of abuse. The programs create
and upgrade facilities for domestic
violence victims or offer safe places for
survivors of domestic violence and
their children. These programs are
also aimed at psychological support
and encouraging survivors of domestic
TYPES OF violence. The victims may also be
COMMUNITY provided with the legal help and advise
DEVELOPMENT on the possible methods of acting
PROJECTS against the abuser.
Cultural development programs.
The cultural component of a
community is vital to its stable growth.
By encouraging a local cultural life, a
village, town or city can help enhance
its reputation as a comfortable,
enjoyable place to live. Creating a local
chorus, city orchestra is an example of
the culture-based community
 Social Welfare Development and
Reform Project

This is a funding project to continue

support of the Pantawid Pamilya, the
Philippines’ conditional cash transfer
(CCT) program. It ensures that health
COMMUNITY and education services are used
DEVELOPMENT effectively for poor children.
PROJECTS Currently assisting more than four
million poor families and 11 million
children, Pantawid Pamilya’s objective
is to provide aid to poor and struggling
households. Doing so helps protect them
from crises such as economic issues and
natural disasters, and it reduces poverty
numbers.
 Flood Funding in Metro Manila

The Philippine government, with the help

of the World Bank and the Asian
Infrastructure Investment Bank, is creating
a funding project for the Metro Manila
area, which is the urban area that surrounds
COMMUNITY the Philippines’ capital city, Manila.
DEVELOPMENT Because of typhoon season, ranging from
PROJECTS June to October, flooding is a major
problem within the metro Manila area. In
2009, Tropical Storm Ondoy (Ketsana)
caused damage equalling 2.7 percent of the
entire economy. When flooding like this
takes place, it is easy for people to fall
back into poverty because of the strain it
puts on their economic situation.
COMMUNITY
BUILDING
AND
COMMUNITY
PRACTICES
 According to media scholar,
Henry Jenkins, characteristics of a
participatory culture include the
following:

• relatively low barriers to

engagement
• strong support for sharing with
COMMUNITY others
BUILDING • informal mentorship
• participants believe their
contributions matter
• not every participant must
contribute every time, but all
must feel they are free to
contribute when they are ready
and that what they contribute will
be appropriately valued.
 The activities of a community
of practice are dependent on
an environment of mutual
respect and trust, which
encourages a willingness to:
COMMUNITY
PRACTICE •share ideas
•expose one’s knowledge
gaps
•ask difficult questions, and
•listen carefully.
Thank You!!!