FOOD SAFETY AND HYGIENE

DURING PREGNANCY
BY: SHAMS ATRASH
GROUP 31 YEAR 3 GENERAL MEDICINE
TITU MAIORESCU UNIVERSITY
 IS SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS REGARDING FOOD ARE
NECESSARY DURING PREGNANCY?

YES INDEED !!
•DURING PREGNANCY, CHANGES IN HORMONES CAUSE A WOMAN’S IMMUNE SYSTEM TO BECOME SUPPRESSED, SO THAT IT IS HARDER TO FIGHT OFF INFECTIONS.
•PREGNANT WOMEN ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR SOME TYPES OF FOOD BORNE ILLNESS.
•SOME FOOD BORNE ILLNESSES CAN CAUSE A WOMAN TO HAVE A MISCARRIAGE, STILLBIRTH OR SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS FOR THE BABY AFTER BIRTH.
WHICH INDICATES THE IMPORTANCE OF CHOOSING FOOD WISELY DURING PREGNANCY
BASIC HYGIENE PRINCIPLES
THINGS TO DO TO MAINTAIN FOOD HYGIENE
WHEN BUYING FOOD CHECK THE EXPIRY DATES ON FOOD.
WHEN STORING FOOD
1.REMEMBER TO KEEP FOOD COOL, CLEAN AND COVERED.
2. STORE FOODS AT THE CORRECT TEMPERATURE – MAKE SURE YOUR FRIDGE IS LESS THAN 4°C AND YOUR FREEZER IS LESS THAN -18°C.
3.PLACE PERISHABLE FOODS E.G. DAIRY AND MEAT PRODUCTS, INTO THE FRIDGE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER PURCHASE.
4. SEPARATE RAW FOODS FROM READY-TO-EAT FOODS, KEEPING THE RAW FOODS ON THE BOTTOM SHELVES OF YOUR FRIDGE.
WHEN PREPARING FOOD
1.WASH YOUR HANDS IN WARM SOAPY WATER FOR AT LEAST 20 SECONDS AND DRY YOUR HANDS THOROUGHLY ON A CLEAN, DRY HAND
TOWEL BEFORE TOUCHING FOOD AND AFTER HANDLING RAW FOOD, PARTICULARLY MEAT, CHICKEN AND FISH.
2.WASH RAW FRUIT AND VEGETABLES IN CLEAN WATER BEFORE EATING.
3.USE 2 SEPARATE CHOPPING BOARDS FOR FOOD PREPARATION; ONE FOR RAW MEAT OR SEAFOOD, AND THE OTHER FOR READY-TO-EAT FOODS
LIKE BREAD AND VEGETABLES.
4. WASH CHOPPING BOARDS IN HOT SOAPY WATER AFTER EACH USE. DISCARD OLD CHOPPING BOARDS WITH CRACKS OR KNIFE MARKS
WHICH HARBOUR BACTERIA.
5. COOK ALL MEAT, CHICKEN, FISH AND EGGS UNTIL THEY ARE WELL DONE.
6. NEVER RE-HEAT FOOD MORE THAN ONCE.
MAJOR FOOD CONTAMINATION CAUSES
• TOXOPLASMA GONDII, WHICH IS A PARASITE FOUND IN UNDERCOOKED MEAT, UNWASHED VEGETABLES, AND DIRTY CAT LITTER BOXES
• LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES, WHICH IS A BACTERIUM THAT CAN CONTAMINATE READY-TO-EAT FOODS AND UNPASTEURIZED DAIRY AND
CAN GROW IN YOUR REFRIGERATOR

• MERCURY, WHICH IS A HEAVY METAL FOUND IN CERTAIN TYPES OF FISH

• BRUCELLA SPECIES, SALMONELLA SPECIES AND CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI.

THESE TOXINS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS ILLNESSES, AND THEY CAN AFFECT THE BABY DEVELOPMENT. YOU
SHOULD AVOID OR LIMIT CONSUMING CERTAIN FOODS AND BEVERAGES WHILE YOU’RE PREGNANT.
DISCUSS YOUR DIET WITH YOUR DOCTOR AND LET THEM KNOW ABOUT ANY QUESTIONS, CONCERNS, OR
SYMPTOMS YOU HAVE.
 TOXOPLASMOSIS
• TOXOPLASMOSIS MOST OFTEN RESULTS FROM EATING RAW OR UNDERCOOKED MEAT, EATING
UNWASHED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, CLEANING A CAT LITTER BOX OR HANDLING CONTAMINATED SOIL.

• SYMPTOMS OF INFECTION WITH T. GONDII DO APPEAR IN THE PREGNANT WOMAN, THEY USUALLY
APPEAR ABOUT 10 DAYS AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE PARASITE

• A LOW GRADE FEVER WITH RASH

• MUSCLE ACHES
• HEADACHE
• POSSIBLY SWELLING OF THE LYMPH NODES
TREATMENT OF THE MOTHER WITH ANTIBIOTICS REDUCES THE RISK OF PASSING THE
PARASITE TO THE FETUS, BUT CANNOT CHANGE THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE ONCE THE
FETUS HAS BEEN EXPOSED.!!
 TOXOPLASMOSIS
IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO AVOID EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY SINCE CONTRACTING THIS PARASITE MAY LEAD
TO DEAFNESS, RETARDATION OR BLINDNESS OF THE FETUS , SO TO AVOID IT :
1.PRACTICE SAFE FOOD HANDLING PROCEDURES SUCH AS WASHING ALL SURFACES,
2.CUTTING BOARDS AND UTENSILS WITH HOT, SOAPY WATER, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT COME IN CONTACT WITH RAW MEAT.
3. PREGNANT WOMEN SHOULD WASH HANDS OFTEN, ESPECIALLY AFTER HANDLING ANIMALS OR WORKING IN THE GARDEN
4.AVOID EATING RAW OR UNDERCOOKED MEAT (PARTICULARLY MINCE MEAT, MUTTON AND PORK)
5.IF THEY OWN OR TAKE CARE OF A CAT, MAKE SURE THE LITTER BOX IS CHANGED EVERY DAY, PREFERABLY BY A FRIEND OR
FAMILY MEMBER
 LISTERIOSIS
• THE L. MONOCYTOGENES BACTERIUM CAUSES LISTERIOSIS. IT CAN BE PRESENT IN CONTAMINATED WATER AND SOIL. THE COOKING
PROCESS OFTEN KILLS BACTERIA. HOWEVER, IT MAY STILL BE PRESENT IN SOME PACKAGED, READY-TO-EAT FOODS, AND HAS THE
ABILITY TO SURVIVE UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS, INCLUDING REFRIGERATION TEMPERATURES, FOOD PRESERVATIVES (SALT), AND
CONDITIONS WITH LITTLE OR NO OXYGEN. IT IS, HOWEVER, EASILY DESTROYED BY COOKING .

• THE SYMPTOMS OF LISTERIOSIS INCLUDE:

• A FEVER

• FATIGUE

• BODY ACHES

• THESE BACTERIA CAN EASILY PASS THROUGH THE PLACENTA. IT CAN THEN CAUSE:
1. MISCARRIAGE
2. STILLBIRTH
3. PREMATURE BIRTH
4.FATAL INFECTION IN YOUR NEWBORN
 LISTERIOSIS
PREVENTING:
• IF YOU’RE PREGNANT OR TRYING TO GET PREGNANT, YOU SHOULD AVOID FOODS THAT MAY CARRY THE BACTERIA.

• IF YOU’RE GOING TO EAT HOT DOGS AND LUNCH MEATS, YOU SHOULD EAT THEM WHEN THEY’RE STEAMING HOT

• IF YOU’RE GOING TO EAT SOFT CHEESES, MAKE SURE THEY’RE MADE FROM PASTEURIZED MILK.

• WASH ALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES BEFORE EATING THEM.

• COOK ALL MEAT THOROUGHLY.

FOOD CAUSING LISTERIOSIS :

• PROCESSED OR PREPARED LUNCH MEATS

• MEAT SPREADS, SUCH AS PÂTÉ
• HOT DOGS
• COLD, SMOKED SEAFOOD
• SOFT CHEESES SUCH AS BRIE, CAMEMBERT, AND FETA
• UNPASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTS
• UNCOOKED MEATS
• VEGETABLES GROWN IN CONTAMINATED SOIL
 MERCURY
• MOST FISH CONTAIN TRACE AMOUNTS OF MERCURY. IT TENDS TO BUILD UP IN LARGER AND OLDER FISH. YOU SHOULD
AVOID EATING FISH THAT ARE HIGH IN MERCURY BECAUSE MERCURY CAN DAMAGE YOUR BABY’S DEVELOPING NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
FISH THAT TEND TO BE HIGH IN MERCURY ARE:

• SWORDFISH
• SHARK
• KING MACKEREL
• TILEFISH
• MANY COMMONLY EATEN FISH ARE CONSIDERED TO BE LOW IN MERCURY AND THESE FISH CAN BE A GREAT ADDITION TO
YOUR DIET WHILE YOU’RE PREGNANT. THEY CONTAIN OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO HEART HEALTH
AND ARE GOOD FOR YOUR BABY’S BRAIN DEVELOPMENT. IF YOU DON’T LIKE FISH, TALK TO YOUR DOCTOR ABOUT
WHETHER YOU SHOULD TAKE OMEGA-3 SUPPLEMENTS.

• YOU SHOULD EAT UP TO 340 GRAMS OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING FISH EACH WEEK:
SHRIMP, CRAB ,SCALLOPS, CANNED LIGHT TUNA, SALMON, CATFISH, COD, TILAPIA
 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
• CONSUMING FOOD OR WATER THAT CONTAINS THE BACTERIA ,C. JEJUNI IS FOUND IN THE INTESTINAL TRACTS OF ANIMALS
(ESPECIALLY CHICKENS) AND IN UNTREATED WATER. IT’S A VERY COMMON CAUSE OF DIARRHEA ACCOMPANIED BY FEVER.

CONSEQUENCES OF FETAL INFECTION INCLUDE

• ABORTION
• STILLBIRTH OR PRETERM DELIVERY.
SYMPTOMS USUALLY APPEAR WITHIN 2 TO 5 DAYS AFTER EATING THE CONTAMINATED FOOD AND INCLUDE :
• FEVER
• STOMACH CRAMPS
• MUSCLE PAIN
• DIARRHEA
• NAUSEA AND VOMITING
INFECTION FROM C. JEJUNI MAY BE TREATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS
 CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
FOUND IN:
1.RAW (UNPASTEURIZED) MILK AND RAW MILK PRODUCTS
2.RAW OR UNDERCOOKED MEAT AND POULTRY,
3.RAW SHELLFISH

TO AVOID CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS:
PREGNANT WOMEN ARE ADVISED TO CONSUME ONLY PASTEURIZED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AND TO
THOROUGHLY COOK MEAT, POULTRY AND SHELLFISH. HANDS, SURFACES, CUTTING BOARDS AND UTENSILS THAT
COME IN CONTACT WITH RAW MEAT, POULTRY OR FISH SHOULD BE WASHED WELL WITH HOT, SOAPY WATER.
 AVOID ALCOHOL
• ALCOHOL DURING PREGNANCY CAN LEAD TO MISCARRIAGE, STILLBIRTH, PREMATURE BIRTH OR YOUR
BABY COULD BE BORN WITH FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (IMPAIRED GROWTH BEFORE AND AFTER BIRTH,
AND MENTAL DISABILITIES). AS IT IS NOT KNOWN WHETHER THERE IS A SAFE LEVEL OF DRINKING DURING
PREGNANCY, THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ADVISES WOMEN THAT THE
SAFEST OPTION IS NOT TO DRINK IF YOU ARE PREGNANT, PLANNING TO GET PREGNANT OR
BREASTFEEDING.

• IF YOU DRINK ALCOHOL WHILE PREGNANT, IT CAN BE PRESENT IN BREAST MILK. YOU SHOULD AVOID
ALCOHOL UNTIL YOU’RE NO LONGER BREAST-FEEDING.
 AVOID CAFFEINE
• SMALL AMOUNTS OF CAFFEINE ARE SAFE DURING PREGNANCY BUT EXCESSIVE VOLUMES MAY INCREASE
THE RISK OF MISCARRIAGE AND PREMATURE BIRTH. CAFFEINE IS IN COFFEE, TEA, CHOCOLATE AND COLA
(AND SOME OTHER SOFT DRINKS AND ENERGY DRINKS).

• NSW HEALTH RECOMMENDS THAT PREGNANT WOMEN LIMIT THEMSELVES TO 200MG OF CAFFEINE DAILY.
THAT AMOUNT WOULD BE OBTAINED FROM ABOUT 1-2 CUPS OF ESPRESSO STYLE COFFEE, 3 CUPS OF
INSTANT COFFEE, 4 CUPS OF MEDIUM STRENGTH TEA, OR 4 CUPS OF COCOA OR HOT CHOCOLATE. AVOID
DOUBLE SHOTS OF ESPRESSO COFFEE AND DRINKS MARKED AS SPORTS OR ENERGY DRINKS THAT
CONTAIN CAFFEINE.
 AVOID HONEY

• HONEY MAY CONTAIN THE BACTERIA THAT CAUSE BOTULISM OR OTHER

TOXINS THAT CAN BE HARMFUL FOR PREGNANT AND BREAST-FEEDING
WOMEN.

• THESE TOXINS CAN ALSO POTENTIALLY HARM YOUR DEVELOPING BABY

OR INFANT YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OLD.

• YOU SHOULD AVOID EATING HONEY WHILE YOU’RE PREGNANT, AND YOU
SHOULD ALSO AVOID GIVING HONEY TO CHILDREN UNDER 1 YEAR OLD.
 AVOID EXCESS IN VITAMIN A
• VITAMIN A IS AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT, BUT HIGH AMOUNTS OF RETINOL EQUIVALENT VITAMIN A ARE NOT
RECOMMENDED DURING PREGNANCY AS THIS MAY CAUSE PROBLEMS FOR YOUR BABY’S EYES.

• AVOID MULTIVITAMIN TABLETS THAT MAY CONTAIN HIGH LEVELS OF VITAMIN A CHECK WITH YOUR
MIDWIFE OR DOCTOR IF UNSURE.

• AVOID LIVER AND LIVER PRODUCTS, E.G. FISH LIVER OILS, LIVER PATÉ AND LIVER SAUSAGE, WHICH ARE
HIGH IN VITAMIN A.
• AVOID SMOKING :SMOKING IS DANGEROUS FOR YOUR BABY. SMOKING INCREASES THE RISK OF PREMATURE
BIRTH, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS AND SIDS. THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF SMOKING.

• HERBAL TEAS AND HERBAL REMEDIES ,LIMIT TO 2 CUPS A DAY.

• UNPASTEURIZED MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS:
EXAMPLES: SOFT OR MOULD-RIPENED CHEESE E.G. CAMEMBERT, BRIE AND BLUE-VEINED CHEESE
CHEESES THAT HAVE BEEN MADE WITH PASTEURIZED MILK ARE SAFE TO EAT, E.G. CHEDDAR, COTTAGE AND
PROCESSED CHEESES.
READ THE PACKAGING TO CHECK.
ALWAYS STORE CHEESE IN A FRIDGE AND FOR THE RECOMMENDED TIME.

• RAW OR UNDERCOOKED MEAT, POULTRY, FISH AND SHELLFISH :

EXAMPLE: PARMA HAM, SMOKED SALMON (UNLESS COOKED), RARE HAMBURGERS OR STEAK, SUSHI, SASHIMI,
CLAMS, OYSTERS, PATE.
FOODS, MEAT AND FISH THAT ARE ‘SMOKED’ OR ‘CURED’ ARE FINE TO EAT IF THEY ARE COOKED FULLY BEFORE
EATING.
HEALTHY DIET DURING PREGNANCY
 VITAMINS, NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS
• FOLATE ACID (VITAMIN B)
FOLATE IS IMPORTANT FOR THE BABY’S DEVELOPMENT DURING EARLY PREGNANCY BECAUSE IT HELPS PREVENT
BIRTH ABNORMALITIES LIKE SPINA BIFIDA.
TO MAKE SURE YOU GET ENOUGH FOLATE IS TO TAKE A DAILY FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENT OF AT LEAST 400
MICROGRAMS ONE MONTH BEFORE BECOMING PREGNANT AND DURING THE FIRST THREE MONTHS OF
PREGNANCY. ( FAMILY HISTORY OF NEURAL TUBE MALFORMATIONS INDICATE THE NEED OF MORE FOLATE ACID)
FOODS NATURALLY RICH IN FOLATE INCLUDE GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES SUCH AS SPINACH AND SALAD GREENS,
BROCCOLI, CHICKPEAS, NUTS, ORANGE JUICE, SOME FRUITS AND DRIED BEANS AND PEAS AND BREAD.
 CAN BE SUPPLIED BY TABLETS TOO.
 VITAMINS, NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS
• IRON : BABY DRAWS ENOUGH IRON FROM THE MOTHER TO LAST IT THROUGH THE FIRST FIVE OR SIX MONTHS AFTER
BIRTH SO IT’S VITAL THAT YOU CONSUME MORE IRON WHILE PREGNANT. THE RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE OF IRON
DURING PREGNANCY IS 27MG PER DAY. TAKING A SUPPLEMENT MAY HELP TO MEET THIS RECOMMENDED INTAKE BUT
YOU SHOULD ONLY TAKE IRON SUPPLEMENTS UNDER THE DOCTOR’S ADVICE.

• EATING FOODS HIGH IN VITAMIN C MAY ALSO HELP YOU TO ABSORB IRON IF YOU CONSUME THEM AT THE SAME TIME.
• TRY DRINKING SOME ORANGE JUICE WHEN EATING GREEN VEGETABLES OR LEGUMES.
• YOU ALSO NEED TO WATCH OUT FOR TEA, COFFEE AND COLA BECAUSE CAFFEINE REDUCES THE BODY’S ABSORPTION
OF IRON.
 VITAMINS, NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS
• CALCIUM
• THE BABY NEED CALCIUM FOR HIS BONE DEVELOPMENT SO HE NEEDS
CALCIUM SUPPLY IF THE DIET IS NOT RICH WITH IT THE CALCIUM WILL BE
TAKEN FROM THE MOM BONES WHICH MAY CAUSE HER LATER OWN
OSTEOPOROSIS .

• TO PREVENT SO MAKE SURE TO HAVE DIET FULL WITH CALCIUM

• DAILY INTAKE OF CALCIUM DURING PREGNANCY IS 1000MG -1300MG
PER DAY.

• TWO AND A HALF SERVES OF DAIRY FOODS, SUCH AS MILK, HARD CHEESE,
YOGHURT OR CALCIUM FORTIFIED SOY MILK, SHOULD MEET YOUR DAILY
REQUIREMENTS. PREGNANT WOMEN WHO ARE 18 YEARS OR UNDER
SHOULD AIM TO CONSUME THREE AND A HALF SERVES PER DAY.
 AGAIN DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOULD BE MADE WITH PASTEURIZED MILK!!
 VITAMINS, NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS
• IODINE
• IS IMPORTANT FOR EVERYONE, BUT PARTICULARLY FOR
PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN. MILD TO
MODERATE IODINE DEFICIENCY DURING PREGNANCY CAN
RESULT IN THE BABY HAVING LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
AND AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR SKILLS AND
HEARING.

• HOWEVER, PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN

HAVE HIGHER REQUIREMENTS FOR IODINE SO SOME
WOMEN MAY NEED TO TAKE A SUPPLEMENT. TALK TO A
DOCTOR, MIDWIFE OR ACCREDITED, DIETITIAN FOR
ADVICE
 VITAMINS, NUTRIENTS AND MINERALS
OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 FATTY ACIDS
• OMEGA-3 AND OMEGA-6 FATTY ACIDS ARE IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPING YOUR BABY’S BRAIN AND EYES.
• GOOD SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS
• OILY FISH, SUCH AS HERRING, MACKEREL, SALMON, SARDINES AND TROUT
• WHITE FISH, SUCH AS COD AND WHITING
• SOME VEGETABLE OILS, SUCH AS RAPESEED (CANOLA), FLAXSEED, LINSEED AND WALNUT - USED IN SMALL AMOUNTS WHEN
COOKING

• OTHER SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS

• MEAT, CHICKEN AND EGGS
• SEEDS, SUCH AS SUNFLOWER, SAFFLOWER, PUMPKIN AND SESAME
• VEGETABLES
• WHOLEGRAIN BREADS AND BREAKFAST CEREALS
 PREVENT RISK OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES
• IS BY CONSUMING A BALANCE BETWEEN LOW GI CARBOHYDRATES AND HIGH GI CARBOHYDRATES
• LOW GI CARBOHYDRATES ARE :THESE KEEP BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS MORE STABLE.
• HIGH GI CARBOHYDRATES ARE: BROKEN DOWN QUICKLY BY THE BODY AND CAN CAUSE A RAPID INCREASE IN BLOOD
GLUCOSE AND INSULIN LEVELS.

• HIGH GI FOODS INCLUDE MANY REFINED FOODS LIKE WHITE BREAD, WHITE RICE, SUGARY FOODS SUCH AS CAKES AND
BISCUITS, AND POTATOES.

• LOW GI CARBOHYDRATES INCLUDE:

• BANANAS
• SWEET POTATOES
• PORRIDGE MADE FROM ROLLED OATS
• CHICKPEAS AND OTHER PULSES
• WHOLEGRAIN BREADS, CEREALS AND PASTAS
WHAT TO EAT WHAT NOT
MEAT SUMMARY :
MEAT SHOULD BE WELL COOKED,
HOT
IF IT IS TAKE AWAY SHOULD MAKE SURE
TO IT WHILE IT IS HOT
COOKED AT THE PROPER TEMPRUTURE
TO KILLS ALL GERMS
 LIVER INTAKE : Limit liver to 50
grams per week. It has high levels of
vitamin A (retinol)
 YOU CAN HAVE AVOID
WHAT TO EAT WHAT NOT
unpasteurized
MILK dairy foods
YOGURT
SOFT SERVE ICE-
CREAM CREAM
BUTTER MILK SMOOTHIES MADE
DAIRY CUSTARD WITH SOFT SERVE
ICE CREAM(EXCEPT ICE-CREAM
AVOID THE FOLLOWING CHEESES UNLESS
SOFT SERVE)
USED IN A COOKED DISH: HARD CHEESE
BRIE ,CAMEMBERT, RICOTTA ,FETA ,BLUE PROCESSED CHEESE
CHEESE
CREAM CHEESE
COTTAGE CHEESE
PANEER
WHAT TO EAT WHAT NOT
• EGGS
• COOK EGGS UNTIL THE YOLK THICKENS √
• AVOID:
• RAW OR RUNNY EGGS
• FOODS THAT MAY CONTAIN EGGS E.G. MOUSSE, EGG NOG, HOME-MADE MAYONNAISE, AIOLI, CAESAR SALADS
IN RESTAURANTS.
• TASTING UNCOOKED CAKE BATTER THAT CONTAINS EGGS
 WHAT TO EAT WHAT NOT
FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
 WHAT TO EAT WHAT NOT
Canned & bottled foods
All are safe. Follow storage
instructions after opening
 WATER MOST IMPORTANT
• A PREGNANT WOMAN NEEDS 2.3 LITER OF WATER (8-12 GLASSES OF WATER)
• WATER HELPS IN FORMING AMNIOTIC FLUID, EXTRA BLOOD, BUILD NEW TISSUE, CARRY FOOD AND NUTRIENTS, ENHANCE
DIGESTION AND REMOVE TOXINS.

• AND HELPS THE MOTHER IN:

• DECREASES CONSTIPATION/HEMORRHOIDS
• REDUCES SWELLING
• SOFTENS SKIN
• INCREASES ENERGY
• KEEPS YOU COOLER
• DECREASES RISK OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
• DECREASES RISK OF PRETERM LABOR AND PRETERM BIRTH
 REFERENCE AND SOURCES

1.INDI , IRISH NUTRITION DIETETIC INSTITUTE

•HTTPS://WWW.INDI.IE/IMAGES/FOOD_SAFETY_AND_HYGIENE_IN_PREGNANCY_DEC_2015_PDF.PDF
2. HTTPS://PARENTING.FIRSTCRY.COM/ARTICLES/WAYS-TO-ENSURE-FOOD-SAFETY-DURING-PREGNANCY/
3.STATE OF ISRAEL, MINSTIRY OF HEALTH
•HTTPS://WWW.HEALTH.GOV.IL/ENGLISH/TOPICS/PREGNANCY/DURING/PAGES/FOOD_SAFETY.ASPX
4.COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
•HTTPS://EXTENSION.COLOSTATE.EDU/TOPIC-AREAS/NUTRITION-FOOD-SAFETY-HEALTH/FOOD-SAFETY-DURING-PREGNANCY-9-372/
5.HEALTHLINE PARENTHOOD
•HTTPS://WWW.HEALTHLINE.COM/HEALTH/FOOD-SAFETY-PREGNANCY
6.NSW GOVERNMENT
•HTTPS://WWW.FOODAUTHORITY.NSW.GOV.AU/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/_DOCUMENTS/FOODSAFETYANDYOU/PREGNANCY_BROCHURE.PDF
7.THE ROYAL WOMEN’S HOSPITAL
•HTTPS://WWW.THEWOMENS.ORG.AU/IMAGES/UPLOADS/FACT-SHEETS/FOOD-SAFETY-DURING-PREGNANCY-2018.PDF
8.NHS UK
•HTTPS://WWW.NHS.UK/CONDITIONS/PREGNANCY-AND-BABY/HEALTHY-PREGNANCY-DIET/
9. HTTPS://WWW.APTACLUB.CO.UK/PREGNANCY/DIET-AND-NUTRITION/UNDERSTANDING-FOOD-GROUPS/WHY-ARE-CARBOHYDRATES-IMPORTANT.HTML
10.HTTPS://WWW.MUSTELAUSA.COM/DRINKING-WATER-WHILE-PREGNANT