BIOSTATISTICS

“Statistics” refers to the science

dealing w/ the collection, organization,
analysis and interpretation of
numerical data.
“Biostatistics” refers to the
application of statistical methods to
the life sciences like biology, medicine
and public health.

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 In plural sense “ statistics” – set of data or a
mass of observations, like public health.

In singular sense “statistics” – the body of

methods or techniques for the organization &
analysis of collected information.

Vital statistics – data on vital events as to the

number of birth, death &

marriages.
- bookkeeping
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of humanity.
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 3 Important Uses of Vital Statistics:
1. legal use
2. source material
3. health units
l. Legal use
A.) birth registration:
- school entrance
- employment
- securing driver’s license
- marriage license
- to enter military service
B.) death registration
- in claiming life insurance upon the
death of the benefactor
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 6 Special Uses of Vital Statistics:
1. accidents
2. suicides
3. communicable disease control
4. maternal and infant mortality
5. occupational statistics
6. value of periodic medical exam

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 al. Source Material
– logbook where data are written.
- it contains data of birth & death
registration for mortality & natality statistics.

III. Health Units

– refer to the health workers who take
part in the administration of gov’t health
programs.

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 As the health units:
- it guides the epidemiologists in the combat of
diseases.
- sanitarians see to it that potable H2O supply is
given to the public to minimize typhoid fever.
- health workers attain to the needs of the people
by giving proper care & treatment.

Health Statistics - it keeps information pertains to health.

- covers a wide variety of numeric information
including data on morbidity, hospitality and clinic
statistics, as well as service statistics.
- the bookkeeping of public health bec. it keeps
records on data of clinic, hospital & service
facilities.

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 The Application of Health Statistics to
Public Health Data are as follows:

1. nutrition
2. sanitation
3. industrial hygiene
4. dentistry
5. laboratory
6. epidemiology
7. maternal child hygiene

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 We can characterize the science of statistics
in terms of each 2 branches:

1. Descriptive statistics
– uses different methods of statistics to
summarize and present data in narrative
form.
i.e. – methods of tabulation
- graphical presentation
- computation of averages
- measures of variability

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 2. Inferential Statistics
– uses generalizations & conclusions
about a target population w/c is based on
results from a sample.
i.e. – experimental method

Phenomena of Variation: tendency of

measurable characteristics to change from
one individual or setting w/in the same
individual or setting.
i.e. person’s blood pressure

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 2 Types of Variable:
1. Constant – values remain the same from time to
time.
i.e. – minutes in an hour
- number of days a week
2. Independent/dependent variable – measured
according to quantity or values and are
expressed numerically.
i.e. – birthweight
- hospital bed capacity
- arm circumference
- population size

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 Types of Independent/dependent Variable:

1. discrete variable – variables w/c can

assume only integral values or whole number.
i.e. - books

2. continuous variables – variables w/c can

attain values in terms of fraction or decimals.
i.e. – birthweight
- arm circumference

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 Statistical Data are treated the Different Levels of
Measurement:
1. Nominal – numbers or symbols used to classify
an object, person or characteristics into
categories.
i.e. – collection of yes, no, undecided
responses to a medical survey question
2. Ordinal – data are arranged in some order but
differences between data values cannot
be determined.
i.e. – size of T-shirt
- socio economic status
- in 10 urine samples 6 were rated normal, 4
pathological

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 3. Interval – characterized by a common and
constant unit and measurement.
- the distances between any two
numbers on the scale are known
sizes.
i.e. - temp. reading of 15ºC and 35ºC

4. Ratio – has a true zero point wherein the

number zero indicates the absence of the
characteristics under considerations.
i.e. – height in meters
- weight in kilograms

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 DATA COLLECTION

2 Sources of Data Collection

1. Primary data – obtained first hand by the
investigator from first hand sources.
i.e. – thesis & dissertations
- interview and questionnaire
- letters, diaries and autobiographies
- experimentation
- journals and newspapers
2. Secondary data – are finished products taken from
raw materials.
- data w/c are already existing.
i.e. – data obtained from registry of cases of
hospitals
- documented materials
- book of factual information i.e. textbooks

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