What is going on here?

Why might it be
used?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LPubUCJv58
Did a rivalry with th
Dutch really help
Britain’s economy?
Aim: Analyse how Anglo-Dutch rivalry impacted Britai
economy
The Amboyna massacre

Read the description of the Amboyna

massacre.
1. What does this tell you about why
there was a rivalry between the
English and the Dutch?
2. What does this event tell you
about the extent of this rivalry
and how important the reasons
for it were to both sides?
The Amboyna massacre
This passage tells us that the rivalry between the English and the Dutch
was over trade, specifically the valuable Indonesian spices, such as
nutmeg, that the Dutch had a monopoly on. The event described shows
the extent of this rivalry and how important it was to both sides, as
Towerson, an English agent, is being tortured and accused of treason by
the Dutch governor, Herman van Speult, who is willing to go to extreme
lengths to protect Dutch trade interests. The Dutch were prepared to
massacre for nutmeg – considered extremely important but Dutch had
the advantage.
 How did Anglo-Dutch rivalry impact Britain’s
economy?
Did it lead to any specific events/ actions that helped boost or hinder the economy?

How did the rivalry impact merchants, bankers and insurance brokers?

Did the rivalry result in successes for Britain?

Did the rivalry lead to any failures for Britain?

Did the rivalry help British companies grow, or did it hinder them?

Was Britain able to expand its colonial possessions due to this rivalry or not?
 Anglo-Dutch rivalry
Read pages 106-109 and:
1. Select 6 facts that show how Anglo-Dutch rivalry
developed over the period. For each fact, colour-
code it to show whether or not it was causing a
change in England’s economy
2. Overall, to what extent has Anglo-Dutch rivalry
changed the English economy? Use the questions
on the previous slide to help you
3. Write a CEASE/CEACE paragraph that analyses
the impact of Anglo-Dutch rivalry on the economy
• The level of detail – is it precise or
vague?
• Relevance – does it really relate to the
factor/ claim you are making?
• Does it link in to other pieces of
evidence – does it reinforce a piece of
evidence, thus strengthening the
argument, or does it counter the
evidence, thus demonstrating a
counter-argument and indicating the
weakness of that factor?
• How does the evidence compare to
the context – are there more important
pieces of evidence that better prove
the claim
• Short-term & Long-term impact - what
evidence seems the most important?
 All info -

• The Navigation Acts were devised primarily to deal with the threat of the Dutch, who had a monopoly on much European shipping trade. Rivalry over international trade and manufacturing, as well as New World colonies, caused three Anglo-Dutch Wars in the period (1652-54, 1665-67 and 1672-74). England and Holland
were united by William of Orange in 1688, although William administered the two states as separate countries. This ended the political rivalry, but it did not stop Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalry, which would continue for another century. Anglo-Dutch rivalry evolved through a number of major stages in the 17th century. The
first, from 1609-49, is marked by Dutch dominance and the beginnings of a commercial rivalry. By the middle of the century, England was stronger militarily but had become less efficient economically, and in the next stage, 1649-74, the commercial rivalry developed into direct conflict and war. The third stage, 1674-88,
involved a gradual decline in rivalry as the two states allied against France. Why, then, did this rivalry last for so long? The historian Jack S. Levy argues that it was due to fundamental differences between the economic policies followed by England and Holland (Extract 2).

• Rivalry over trade with the East typifies the competition that existed between the two nations. The. English East India Company was founded in 1600 (discussed below) and, two years later, the Dutch United East India Company was formed. Both companies traded predominantly in spices, and received the same price and
paid the same acquisition cost for their goods; however, the profits of he Dutch Company were higher. This was for two reasons: first, the Dutch Company had closer ties with their own government, who were able to provide capital and assistance; second, they had more shareholders who expected dividends to be paid
annually, thus leading to greater efficiency as the shareholders expected maximum returns for their investments. The Dutch soon began to overtake the English in terms of success in the East, returning 65 ships to England’s 35 between 1615 and 1625. Considering this rivalry, it is surprising that a commercial war did not
break out until 1652, although tensions often led to occasional hostilities, including the Dutch seizure of four English ships between 1617 and 1619. This early rivalry held the British economy back and the economic growth of London was slower in the first half of the century.

Anglo-Dutch rivalry involved much more than just trade with the East. There was competition over American colonies, culminating in the English capture of New Amsterdam (renamed New York) in 1664. The finishing process of raw English cloth also created tensions, as the Dutch traditionally captured much of the profit when
unfinished cloth was exported to Holland to be finished and re-exported to the rest of Europe. There was also rivalry over access to English fishing grounds, as one-fifth of the Dutch population were employed in fishing and relied on fisheries off the British coast. The issue of fishing provoked a particular challenge, as Charles |
decided to make an exclusive claim to the seas around Britain in 1635, demanding all vessels make a salute to English ships in the English Channel and North Sea. As well as this, the English began to deliberately search out and seize Dutch ships in their waters, which posed a significant threat to the Dutch role as the carriers of
international trade.

By 1649, the balance between the two nations changed, as the Dutch had ended their war with Spain in 1647, closing a longstanding Spanish embargo against them. The Dutch economy prospered, while the English economy hit a new low as a result of general depression, coupled with the impact of the Second Civil War,
royalist uprisings in Ireland and Scotland, and the execution of Charles I. The new Commonwealth committed itself to enforcing English sovereignty on the seas once again. The Navigation Act of 1651 was designed to protect English trading interests, and the refusal of a Dutch ship to salute the English resulted in a short naval
battle and the resulting First Anglo-Dutch War in July 1652. The Navigation Act was the most important development in the rivalry between the two nations, as it helped. to strengthen the British economy by excluding the Dutch from trade. Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653 and, hoping for an alliance with the
Dutch, ended the war on fairly lenient terms in the Treaty of Westminster in 1654.

The Treaty failed to resolve the underlying causes of the war, which led to several crises later in the 1650s and 1660s. For example, the Anglo-Spanish War (1656-59) severely affected Dutch trade with Spain, bringing England and Holland close to war once again. War was also narrowly avoided in 1658, when both sides sent
fleets to intervene in a war between Sweden and Denmark. The Dutch provided a force to assist the Danish and the English sent a fleet to fight for the Swedish king, Charles X, although they were forced to withdraw due to a combination of Dutch naval superiority and political crisis at home under Richard Cromwell.
After the Restoration, parliament passed another Navigation Act in 1660 that excluded all foreigners from British trade. A number of goods could only be shipped to England under the provisions of the Act, such as tobacco, sugar, rice and cotton. This strengthened the Stuart economy at the expense of the Dutch, and the tax
revenue from these products was given to the English treasury rather than the colonies from which they originated, but the Dutch were able to continue trading with their own colonies and other European countries. Charles also insulted the Dutch by demanding that foreign ships did not fish within ten miles of the British
coast and tensions escalated further when Mary Stuart, wife of the late William II, died, leaving Charles II as the guardian of the young William of Orange. The pro-Stuart House of Orange was strengthened and Dutch merchants feared that, if the House of Orange returned to rule Holland, trade policy would be centralised and
their freedoms restricted.

Colonial rivalry was also a factor in increased tensions, as Charles issued a Royal Charter in 1663, giving the Royal African Company a monopoly over West African trade. This brought the company into direct conflict with the Dutch, who had previously laid claim to the region. Pressure reached tipping point when an English
captain seized a number of Dutch colonies in Africa in 1664 and, although Charles had the captain imprisoned, a skirmish followed in which the Dutch destroyed a number of English ships off the African coast. Charles ordered a blockade of Dutch ships using. the English Channel in November 1664 and war was declared by
Holland in January 1665. The Dutch were better prepared for this Second Anglo-Dutch War than they were in 1652 and they were able to pay for Denmark to join the war on their side. The English, demoralised by the effects of the Great Plague and the Great Fire of London, performed poorly and their humiliation was
complete when the Dutch were able to sail up the Thames and capture the warship Royal Charles. The Dutch were then in a position to secure a relaxation of the Navigation Act as a condition of victory at the expense of the British economy. This war had a profound effect on the City of London, and for a time it was difficult for
merchants to find insurers willing to cover their voyages. In 1670, the English negotiated the Treaty of Dover with France, which called for an offensive partnership against the Dutch. The French king, Louis XIV, was angered when he found out that the Dutch had formed an anti-French alliance with Sweden (and, to begin with,
England). When the next war broke out in 1672, Charles’ motivations were again clear: he resented Dutch republicanism, demanded that the seas around Britain be free of Dutch ships and wanted international trade to be more favourable to the English. The war that Charles entered into was part of the wider Franco-Dutch
War, which continued until 1678, although parliament feared that Charles would resort to absolutism if he remained in a close alliance with the French and encouraged him to withdraw from the war. A second Treaty of Westminster was signed in 1674, which reverted relations between the two states to that of 1667.
Throughout these years of rivalry, competition with the Dutch served to both help and hinder the British economy. When victories and peace treaties were gained, the British usually gained an advantage in international trade, but when the often long and drawn out battles of the Anglo-Dutch Wars were taking place, the
economy in London would often come to a standstill, with merchants, insurers and bankers all feeling the knock-on effects. The historian Nigel Heard has argued that the British were able to survive the cycle of conflict and suspicion because of the strength of the colonies. Opinion in parliament and among the public by the
1670s was firmly against war and merchants had suffered greatly as a result of the disruption to trade brought about by the First and Second Anglo-Dutch Wars. In the end, however, the decline in rivalry between the two states had little to do with commercial interests and more to do with the political and religious situation
faced at home. First, William II] became Stadholder of the Dutch Republic in 1672 and married Mary, daughter of the future James II, in 1677. Charles promptly agreed to an alliance with William against France, and sent the army and navy to fight with the Dutch. Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had provided
protection for Protestants in France. A number of French Protestants migrated to England and Holland, leading to a mutual anti-French feeling in both states. The rivalry was entirely over when William was invited to take the English throne from the Catholic James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
 Select 6 specific facts that show how Anglo-Dutch rivalry developed over the period. For each
fact, colour-code it to show whether or not it was causing a change in England’s economy

• Anglo-Dutch rivalry developed over trade with the East, particularly the spice trade, which was dominated by the Dutch United East India
Company due to closer ties with their government, more shareholders, and greater efficiency.

• The rivalry extended beyond trade with the East to competition over American colonies, finishing of raw English cloth, access to English fishing
grounds, and exclusive claims to the seas around Britain, which resulted in occasional hostilities and tensions.

• The balance between the two nations shifted by 1649, as the Dutch economy prospered following the end of their war with Spain, while the
English economy hit a new low due to general depression and political unrest.

• The Navigation Act of 1651 was introduced by the Commonwealth to protect English trading interests and exclude the Dutch from trade, leading
to the First Anglo-Dutch War in 1652.

• The Treaty of Westminster in 1654, which ended the First Anglo-Dutch War, failed to resolve the underlying causes of the war and led to several
crises later in the 1650s and 1660s.

• The Restoration saw the passing of another Navigation Act in 1660, which excluded all foreigners from British trade and strengthened the Stuart
economy at the expense of the Dutch. However, the Dutch were still able to continue trading with their own colonies and other European
countries.
 Overall, to what extent has Anglo-Dutch rivalry changed the English economy?
Use the questions on the previous slide to help you

- The Navigation Acts were created to deal with Dutch monopoly on European shipping trade, which caused three Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-54, 1665-
67, 1672-74).
- Anglo-Dutch rivalry continued for another century even after the two countries were united by William of Orange in 1688.
- The rivalry evolved through several major stages in the 17th century, marked by Dutch dominance and commercial rivalry, direct conflict and war,
and gradual decline in rivalry as the two states allied against France.
- The Dutch United East India Company overtook the English East India Company in terms of success due to closer ties with their own government,
more shareholders, and greater efficiency.
- The early rivalry held the British economy back, and the economic growth of London was slower in the first half of the century.
- There was competition over American colonies, finishing process of raw English cloth, access to English fishing grounds, and an exclusive claim to
the seas around Britain by Charles I, which threatened the Dutch role as the carriers of international trade.
- The Navigation Act of 1651 protected English trading interests and excluded the Dutch from trade, which was the most important development in
the rivalry between the two nations and helped to strengthen the British economy.
- Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653 and ended the First Anglo-Dutch War on fairly lenient terms in the Treaty of Westminster in 1654,
hoping for an alliance with the Dutch.
- The Treaty failed to resolve the underlying causes of the war, which led to several crises later in the 1650s and 1660s, narrowly avoiding another
war.
- The rivalry helped British companies grow and hindered Dutch companies, and Britain was able to expand its colonial possessions due to this rivalry.
Write a CEASE/CEACE paragraph that analyses
the impact of Anglo-Dutch rivalry on the economy
Undoubtedly, the Anglo-Dutch rivalry had a remarkable impact on the economy. In the early stages of the
rivalry, the Dutch United East India Company dominated the spice trade, which hindered the extent of
growth of the British economy. At the same time, the economic growth of London was slower in the first
half of the 17th century due to the competition over American colonies, finishing of raw English cloth,
access to English fishing grounds, and an exclusive claim to the seas around Britain by Charles I, which
threatened the Dutch role as the carriers of international trade. However, the Navigation Acts introduced by
the British Commonwealth in 1651 helped to protect English trading interests and exclude the Dutch from
trade, which was a significant development in the rivalry between the two nations and helped to strengthen
the British economy. The Navigation Acts enabled British companies to grow, expand their colonial
possessions, and increase their control over international trade. Furthermore, the rivalry between the two
nations led to the development of new technologies, increased trade, and a boost in innovation, which
ultimately benefited the British economy. Despite the tensions and hostilities that occurred between the
two nations, the Anglo-Dutch rivalry had a remarkable impact on the economic growth and prosperity of the
British economy.

USE CRITERIA IN CLAIM, NEW TECHNOLOGIES (EXPLAIN)


You can go down, or diagonal but not across!
In what year was the first Anglo-Dutch war?
1652
What was the result of the First Anglo-Dutch War?
The First Anglo-Dutch War resulted in the English navy
winning a decisive victory, forcing the Dutch to accept the
English Navigation Acts.
How did Anglo-Dutch rivalry impact merchants and insurance
brokers?
Anglo-Dutch rivalry impacted merchants and insurance
brokers by increasing their costs and risks.
Anglo bingo
What year was the Staples Act?
1663
Give two reasons that explain why Anglo-Dutch relations
improved
Two reasons that explain why Anglo-Dutch relations improved
were the alliance against France and the succession of William
of Orange to the English throne.
What was the name of two English companies that challenged
Dutch trade? Were they successful?
The two English companies that challenged Dutch trade were
the English East India Company and the Levant Company, but
they were not initially successful.
Describe what happened to the Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685,
resulting in the persecution of French Protestants.
What was the name of the ship captured at the Battle of
Medway? Why was this especially humiliating
The name of the ship captured at the Battle of Medway was
the Royal Charles, and this was especially humiliating because
it was a flagship of the English navy.
Describe two ways in which the Anglo-Dutch rivalry benefitted
England’s economy
However, the Navigation Acts helped to exclude the Dutch
from trade, leading to a gradual improvement in the English
economy. The rivalry benefitted England's economy by
increasing the demand for English ships and goods and
stimulating innovation and efficiency in the economy.