“Basics of HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING”

 
 
PRESENTED BY GUIDED BY
Usman Mohseni Dr. S. K. Jain
(PhD Research Scholar) PROFESSOR IIT Roorkee

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 INTRODUCTION

 What is a model ?
 A model is mathematical equation which represents a real world problem. It comprises of three components input,
operator and output.

 What is hydrological Model?

 A model which consists of hydrological variables as input and output is called hydrological Model.
For Example : Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

Rainfall Catchment Runoff

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 WHY DO WE NEED HYDROLOGICAL MODELS?

 Fill missing gaps in existing records.

 To enable prediction in ungauged catchments.

 For operational flood fore- casting.

 To assess the impact of possible future changes in climate and land use

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TYPES OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS

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 Deterministic Model : A Deterministic Model allows you to calculate a future event exactly, without the involvement of
randomness. If something is deterministic, you have all of the data necessary to predict (determine) the outcome with
certainty. Example Rainfall-Runoff model

 Stochastic Model : Stochastic models possess some inherent randomness - the same set of parameter values and initial
conditions will lead to an ensemble of different outputs. Example Markov chain model

 Empirical Model : It is based on the observations of how the system works. It derives relationship between input and the
output. Example SCS method

 Physical Model : Models that are based on solving governing equations such as conservation of mass and momentum
equations. It require extensive amount of input data. Example SWAT

 Conceptual Model : Models that use simple mathematical equations to describe the main hydrologic processes such as
evapotranspiration, surface storage, percolation, snowmelt, baseflow, and runoff. The advantage of this approach is that
the model is much simpler from a mathematical point of view. Example ANN

 Analog Model : It uses non mathematical approach such as developing a prototype of the system at a smaller scale.
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 SPATIAL VARIATION

 Lumped Model : The lumped model considers entire catchment as a single unit. Spatial variation is ignored. Example :
SRM (Snowmelt Runoff Model).

 Semi-distributed model : It is basically a bunch of lumped models connected together again each sub-basin will be treated
as one single unit. Example : SWAT, HEC-HMS.

 Distributed Model : the distributed model sub-divides each sub-basin in smaller cells. Spatial variation is considered.
Example : MIKESHE, VIC.

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Lumped Semi – Distributed Distributed
 EQUATION ON WHICH HYDROLOGICAL MODELS ARE BASED

 Water Budget Equation :

Input – Output = storage … (General Form)

 SCS curve number : to estimate runoff

S = [ 1000/CN – 100] x 25.4
Q where p = total rainfall, Ia = Initial abstractions, S = maximum potential retention

 Muskingum Method : Flood Routing method

S = K [X I + (1-X) O]
where K is a time constant, X is a weightage factor.

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 HOW TO DEVELOP A HYDROLOGICAL MODEL??

 Following steps are involved in developing a hydrological model :

 Define the catchment by performing watershed delineation.

 Select a type of rainfall-runoff model.
 Data collection.
 Model set-up : Preparing input data files.
 Model Simulation
 Model Calibration
 Model Validation

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 Watershed Delineation : It defines the boundary of the study area and divides the basin into sub-basins

 Selecting type of RR Model :

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 Data Collection : It consists of hydro-
meteorological data.
 Hydrological Data : Precipitation, temperature,
wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation.
 Meteorological Data : Discharge.

 Model set-up :
 Preparing input files such as DEM, slope map,
soil map and Land use land cover map.

Figure. Input Files

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 Model Simulation :
 Simulation helps us to accomplish the model input preparation and generate the processed output.
 By running the model, the simulation of the basin's numerous hydrological components can be achieved.

 Model Calibration and Validation :

 Hydrological models are the mathematical models having some unknown coefficients known as parameters.
 Model calibration means the estimation of those parameters from historical input-output records.
 Model validation means judging the performance of the calibrated model over that portion of historical records
which have not been used for the calibration.

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 COMPARISON OF SWAT MODEL & HEC-HMS MODEL

Description SWAT Model HEC HMS Model

Acronym Soil and Water Assessment Tool Hydrologic Engineering Centre -Hydrologic Modeling
System
Type Continuous Model : (daily, monthly, annual Event Model : (hourly to daily time scale)
time scale)
Data Large number of data set are needed such Fewer data set are required which are easily available.
as ( DEM, land use, soil type)
Output Runoff, sediment, nutrient, and water Only runoff
quality
Calibration SWAT-CUP Newton Raphson Method
Application Traditionally it was developed for Traditionally it was developed for hydrologic design,
agricultural practices. However it has find to simulate surface runoff in single outlet watershed.
significance importance in watershed
modeling, impact assessment of LULC and
climate change.

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