CH 11

FROM RISE TO FALL

The Success and Collapse of Empires
THE INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
Introduction:
 The people of the Indus Valley are believed to have been the first
known settlers on the subcontinent.

Rise:
 It was a developed civilization
 Well-planned towns, houses and streets
 Drainage system, arts and craft, and writing
 Peaceful civilization

Fall:
 Lack of defense
 invasion by Aryans
 natural disasters
 epidemics
 THE ARYANS
Introduction:
 The Aryans from the Ural Mountains near Russia entered this region
around 1750 BCE through the Hindukush mountains in the north of
Pakistan.
 They were nomads and had no concept of agriculture and depends on
local people to teach them farming.
 Brought caste system

Rise:
 Military training
 progressed rapidly
 learnt farming from locals

 Fall
 Gave up nomadic ways
 Blended into the population
ALEXANDER
Introduction:
 He was son of King Philip of Macedonia
 Tutored by Aristotle
 Trained by his father
 Inherited his father’s kingdom
 Wanted to be known as “the King of the World”

Rise:
 Good military strategies
 Strong army
 Ambitious

Fall:
 Adverse conditions,
 Long campaign
 Tired army
 Death of Alexander
HARSHA
Introduction:
 Ruler of a large empire in northern India
 Ruled from 606-647 CE
 He was a Buddhist

Rise:
 Competent ruler
 Internal peace and control
 Promotion of education and security
 Religious tolerance

Fall:
 Death of ruler
 No heir
 Incompetent rulers
BRAHMINS
Introduction:
 Founded Brahmin Dynasty in Sindh
 Ruled from 632-683
 Daibul was an important seaport

Rise:
 Promoted trade

Fall
 Cruel punishments
 Protected robbers

 No security in their land

 Mistreated Shudras and Buddhist
MOHAMMAD BIN QASIM
Introduction:
 17 year old Muslim general

 He was nephew of Hajjaj bin Yousuf governor of eastern provinces of Arabia.

 Invaded on Sindh in 712 CE

Rise:
 Trade
 Fair governance

 System of justice
 Law and order
 Wise minister

 Peace
 Religious freedom

Fall
Recalled by the Caliph