ANTI MICROBIALS

Group 2 Presentation:
De Jesus, Anna Lizza
De Jesus, Anna Lynn
Eserjose, Helen
Eserjose, Vanessa
Feliciano, Josephine
Martinez, Leah
Maturan, Roszalia
Morfe, Paula Grace
Dr. Grageda|Advance Pharmacology|13 MAY 2023
Topics for Discussion
I. Introduction to Anti Microbials
– Antibiotic Vs Antimicrobial drugs
– Selective Toxicity
– Mechanism of Actions
II. Classification of Antibiotic
III. Antibiotic Resistance
IV. MRSA
Topics for Discussion
V. Skin Infection & Disorders
VI. Ear Infection
Introduction to
Antimicrobials
Basic Concepts
• Antibiotic
A chemical that is produced by one microbe
and has the ability to harm other microbes
• Antimicrobial
Any agent, natural or synthetic, that has
the ability to kill or suppress microorganisms
Basic Concepts
• Bactericidal
Kills the bacterial cell by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or
by inhibiting bacterial enzymes for protein translation

• Bacteriostatic
Limits or inhibits the growth of bacterial cell by
interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, DNA
replication, or by other cellular metabolism
Basic Concepts
• Selective Toxicity
The ability of a drug to injure a target cell or
target organisms without injuring other cells or
organisms that are in intimate contact with the
target.
WONDER
DRUG
Mechanism of Action
BACTERIAL CELL
Ribosomes – responsible
for
Cellprotein
Wall – synthesis
consists of
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria – 50s, 30s

Mammalian – 60s, 40s

Mechanism of Action
INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
• Penicillins
• Cephalosporins
• Binds to a bacterial enzyme
(DD-transpeptidase) that
creates “cross-links” in the
bacterial cell wall
• Decreases Peptidoglycan
synthesis
• Disinhibition of Autolysins
Mechanism of Action
INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
• Fosfomycin
• Disrupts the synthesis of
peptidoglycan strands that
compose the cell wall

• Vancomycin
• Binds to the ACYL-D-ALA-D-ALA
portion of the growing cell, a
precursor for cell wall synthesis
Mechanism of Action
DISRUPTS THE CELL MEMBRANE
• Amphotericin B
• Exerts its effect by disruption
of fungal cell wall synthesis
because of its ability to bind to
sterols, primarily ergosterol,
which leads to the formation
of pores that allow leakage of
cellular components
Mechanism of Action
DISRUPTS THE CELL MEMBRANE
• Daptomycin
• Binds to cell membrane which
increases cell permeability
• Creates efflux pumps which inhibit
the membrane integrity
Mechanism of Action
INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Anti-30s ribosomal unit
• Aminoglycosides

• Tetracyclines
Mechanism of Action
INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Anti-50s ribosomal unit

• Macrolides

• Linezolid

• Clindamycin
Mechanism of Action
DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH DNA AND
RNA SYNTHESIS OR INTEGRITY
DNA Synthesis
• Metronidazole (Integrity)
Acts by interacting with DNA
and results in loss of helical DNA
structure and strand breakage
• Fluoroquinolones (Function)
Prevent DNA synthesis by
preventing 2 enzymes: DNA gyrase and
the topoisomerase IV enzymes
Mechanism of Action
DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH DNA AND
RNA SYNTHESIS OR INTEGRITY

RNA Synthesis – inhibits RNA

polymerase enzyme
• Rifampin
Mechanism of Action
TRIMETHROPIM
ANTI METABOLITES – Folic Acid Pathway
BLOCKS HERE
• Sulfonamides

• Trimethoprim

SULFONAMIDES
BLOCK HERE
Classification of Antibiotics
By MECHANISM OF ACTION

INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS

Ear Infections
What is an ear infection?
• Different types:
– Middle ear infection : acute otitis
media, otitis media with effusion
– Outer ear canal : Swimmer’s ear
(otitis externa)