CRIME DETECTION AND

INVESTIGATION
Marathon 2016

October 2016
Criminology
Board Examination
October 24, 2016
JOHNNY REY DAGASUHAN CAILING
Q1. In practice court, can the accused
without the assistance of the lawyer legally
file an appeal?
a. It depends b. No
c. Yes d. Sometimes

October 24, 2016 2

Q2. P02 Maecel texted P03 JRDC and based on it
the later proceed in patrolling their beat. Is text
considered as written report?

a. Maybe b. Yes
c. No d. It depends

October 24, 2016 3

Q3. In marking screw drivers, it should be at the
shaft near the-
a. Handle
b. Center
c. Tip
d. Side

October 24, 2016 4

Q4. “no plate, no traffic”, means that you cannot
get out of the road with your car if your car don’t
have ____-
a. No plate traffic numbers
b. Plate
c. Drivers license
d. No traffic seminar
October 24, 2016 5
Q5. In rape cases, what is the primary
concern on the crime scene?
a. Lamp shade and places of accessories
b. Indoor furniture
c. Door knobs
d. All of the above

October 24, 2016 6

Q6. There are two main types of glass fractures
and these
are radial or primary fractures and –
a. Accidental
b. Incidental
c. Sedimentary
d. Concentric

October 24, 2016 7

Q7. According to the United States of
America, Philippines in 2004 is the number 1
producer of shabu entire the world?
a. Maybe
b. It depends
c. Yes
d. No
October 24, 2016 8
Q8. Which of the following is the most
serious problem in traffic enforcement in the
Philippines?
a. Poor traffic enforcement
b. Hard-headedness of pinoys
c. Lack of concern for others
d. None of the above
October 24, 2016 9
Q9. What is the best trace evidence in the
crime of rape?
a. Shoes
b. Pants and brief
c. Pubic hair
d. Bracelet with name
October 24, 2016 10
Q10. How to determine if the person is
drunk?
a. Romberg’s test
b. Benzidrine test
c. Reinsch test
d. None of these
October 24, 2016 11
Q11. In the destruction of life case, the
primary duties of a SOCO operatives is –
a. Bring the dead victim to the funeral parlor
b. Gather physical evidence
c. Determine the victim if it is still alive
d. Photograph the crime scene
October 24, 2016 12
Q12. In infanticide, the child is less than ___
a. 30
b. 33
c. 3
d.13

October 24, 2016 13

Q13. What shall be needed in the conduct of
polygraph investigation?
a. Evaluation analysis
b. Information
c. Investigative lead
d. Interpretation

October 24, 2016 14

Q14. When is the national anti-drug summit
where in the president GMA attended?
a. May 15, 2003
b. November 7, 2002
c. June 27, 2001
d. March 20, 2001
October 24, 2016 15
Q15.

October 24, 2016 16

Q7. This word may be used in place of
“combustible” for highway transportation of
fuel that is not classed as a “flammable
liquid”

a) Gasoline
b) Non-flammable
c) Fuel oil
d) Dangerous
October 24, 2016 17
Q8. Almost all solids of vegetable origin, such as
wood, paper, and cotton do not melt but first
decompose. Exceptions are vegetable fats, waxes,
resins, sugar, and natural rubber. This process is
called:

a. Melting
b. Sublimation
c. Pyrolysis
d. Combustion

October 24, 2016 18

Q9. It is the visible luminous body of burning
gas which become hotter and become less
luminous when it is mixed with increased
amounts of oxygen.

a. Heat
b. Fire
c. Flame
d. Smoke
October 24, 2016 19
Q10. This is a visible product of incomplete
combustion. It is consists of a mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, finely
divided particles of soot and carbon and other
products released from the materials involved.

a. Heat
b. Fire
c. Flame
d. Smoke

October 24, 2016 20

 WHO GOAT LINE
Ang GUGMA, Mura na
Siya’g LEFT & RIGHT
Once mu-LEFT na siya
Wala na kay Right sa iya
Aiiii….Sakit man.
October 24, 2016 21
 Rationale
of the
Questions

October 24, 2016 22

 Auto-Ignition will occur
Q1. What will happen if the temperature of a fuel is
raised to its ignition temperature?

a. auto-ignition (self –ignition) will occur

b. Oxidation will take place
c. Chemical reaction takes place
d. All of them
October 24, 2016 23
 Ignition Temperature
Is the degree of heat
necessary to ignite
flammable vapors. This
temperature can come
from an external source
or if the fuel itself is raised
to this temperature, auto-
ignition (self-ignition) will
occur.
October 24, 2016
Flash Point
Temperature at
which the material is
not hot enough to
keep burning, but still
gives off enough
vapors to cause a
flame.
24
Q4. The term Flashpoint is used to expense
what condition?

a) Fuel evaporizing whether or not it is

evaporizing fast enough to keep burning.
b) The degree of heat necessary to ignite
flammable vapors.
c) The amount of fuel vapor that mixed with
air to form flammable mixture.
d) A condition whereby the surface area of
fuel is exposed to the air.
October 24, 2016 25
 Fire Point Boiling Point

Temperature at the constant

which the temperature at
material will give which the vapor
pressure of the
off ample vapors
liquid is equal to
to keep burning.
the atmospheric
There is usually pressure.
October 24, 2016 26
 What is Temperature?

the measure of the degree

of thermal agitation of
molecules.
October 24, 2016 27
 Chemical Chain Reaction
Q2. The fire tetrahedron differ from the fire triangle
and that a fourth element has been added.
What is the added elements?
a. Combustion
b. Pyrolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Chemical chain reaction

October 24, 2016 28

 Fire Triangle Fire Tetrahedron
a plane geometric a four-sided, solid
figure in which the geometric figure that
three sides of an resembles a pyramid,
equilateral triangle with one of the sides
represent oxygen, forming the base.
heat, and fuel, these Each side indicates
elements are one of the four
necessary to sustain elements required to
combustion. have fire.
October 24, 2016 29
 Elements of Fire Triangle
Heat – a form of energy measured in degree
of temperature, the product of combustion
that caused the spread of fire. Heat sources
include: open flame, hot surfaces, sparks
and arcs, friction-chemical action, electrical
energy and compression of gases.

October 24, 2016 30

Oxygen – a colorless and odorless gas and
one of the composition of air that supports
fire which is approximately 21% by volume.

Fuel – any substance/combustibles which

reacts chemically with oxygen and produces
flames. For a fire to start, there must be
something to burn. The physical state of fuel
may be gases, liquids, or solid.

October 24, 2016 31

 Oxygen Sources Oxygen Requirement

21% of normal 12%- no fire

oxygen 14%- flash point
78% of nitrogen 16%- it will sustained
combustion
1% of other gases
21%- fire point

October 24, 2016 32

Q5. What are oxidizing agents and what effects
do they have on fire?

a) Are chemical compounds which when

heated give oxygen and support the burning
flammable materials.
b) Are vapor that support combustion.
c) Density of vapors that support the burning.
d) The temperature of material that will give off
ample vapors that support the burning of a
material.

October 24, 2016 33

 Fuel Sources
1. Solid- molecules are closely packed
together.
2. Liquid- molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas- molecules are free to moved

October 24, 2016 34

 Common Types of Solids
Bulky Finely Divided Dust
Coal Plastic Saw Dust
Wood Paper Sugar
Wax Cork Grain
Grease Leather Others

October 24, 2016 35

Q7. This word may be used in place of
“combustible” for highway transportation of
fuel that is not classed as a “flammable
liquid”
a) Gasoline
b) Non-flammable
c) Fuel oil
d) Dangerous

October 24, 2016 36

 Common Types of Liquids
1. Gasoline 6. Paint
2. Kerosene 7. Varnish
3. Turpentine 8. Lacquer
4. Alcohol 9. Olive Oil
5. Cod Liver Oil

October 24, 2016 37

 Common Types of Gases
1. Natural Gas 4. Hydrogen
2. Propane 5. Acetylene
3. Butane
6. Carbon Monoxide and others

October 24, 2016 38

 Elements of Fire Tetrahedron
1. Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
2. Fuel (reducing agent)
3. Heat (temperature)
4. Self-sustained chemical reaction (the
fourth element)

October 24, 2016 39

 Combustion Reaction/ Process
1. Causes pyrolysis or vaporization of solid
and liquid fuels and the production of
ignitable vapors or gases.
2. Provides the energy necessary for
ignition;
3. Causes the continuous production and
ignition of fuel vapors or gases to
continue the combustion reaction.
October 24, 2016 40
Q8. Almost all solids of vegetable origin,
such as wood, paper, and cotton do not melt
but first decompose. Exceptions are
vegetable fats, waxes, resins, sugar, and
natural rubber. This process is called:

a. Melting
b. Sublimation
c. Pyrolysis
d. Combustion
October 24, 2016 41
 WHO GOAT LINES
Kung JOWA na Maputi
At Makinis ang gusto mo at hindi
Ang pagkatao nito.
ABAAA!!!
Its not Love Kapwa,
Its DOVE.
October 24, 2016 42
 TEST
OF
KNOWLEDGE

October 24, 2016 43

Q1. Combustible Solids are fuel that easy to
be burned for it is capable of producing
vapors in the process of combustion. These
flammable vapors are termed as free
radicals. These statement is true. If this
false?
a. Yes
b. No
c. False
d. True
October 24, 2016 44
Q2. Aside from human being, fire needs oxygen in
order to sustain combustion. The presence of
oxygen in a normal air is 21%. The depletion of
oxygen in process of combustion cause
extinguishment of the fire. What particular percent
of oxygen in which ember is observed?

a. 12% and below

b. 13%
c. 14%
d. 15%
October 24, 2016 45
Q3. The relationship of the three essential
elements of fire is illustrated by the-

a. Combustion triangle
b. Fireball
c. Fire tetrahedron
d. Quadrangle of fire
e. Ring of fire

October 24, 2016 46

Q4. What theory explains that when the 3 basic
elements of fire are combined in right mixture,
there would be a self-sustaining chemical reaction
provided the supply of each elements is
uninterrupted?

a. Combustion theory
b. Extinguishment theory
c. Fire Squares
d. Fire Triangle theory
e. Fire Tetrahedron theory
October 24, 2016 47
Q5. What material easily yields oxygen in
quantities sufficient to stimulate or support
combustion?

a. Carbon
b. Smoke
c. Oxidizing Agent
d. Ember
e. Fuel
October 24, 2016 48
 What is Pyrolysis?
is defined as the “chemical decomposition of
matter through the action of heat”.

Also known as Thermal Decomposition

October 24, 2016 49

 Pyrolysis Process
1. The fuel is heated until its temperature
reaches its fire point;
2. Decomposition takes place- moisture in
the fuel is converted to vapor;
3. Decomposition produces combustible
vapors that rise to the surface of the fuel.
These combustible vapors are technically
termed as FREE RADICALS.

October 24, 2016 50

 Endothermic Reaction Exothermic Reaction

changes whereby those that release

energy (heat) is or give off energy
absorbed or is (heat) thus they
added before the produce
reaction takes substances with
place. less energy than
the reactants.
October 24, 2016 51
Q3. Spontaneous ignition starts as a result
of what action?

a. auto-ignition
b. combustion
c. evaporation
d. chemical chain reaction

October 24, 2016 52

 COMMON SOURCES OF HEAT
Types of Energy
1. Chemical
2. Electrical
3. Nuclear
4. Mechanical
5. Heat
6. Light
October 24, 2016 53
 Chemical Energy
the most common source of heat in
combustion reactions. An energy released
as a result of a chemical reaction such as
combustion.
a) Heat generated from a burning match
b) Self-heating (spontaneous heating)

October 24, 2016 54

 Electrical Energy
an energy developed when electrons flow through
a conductor.
Factors involving electrical heating:
a) Current flow through a resistance
b) Arcing
c) Sparking
d) Static
e) lightning
October 24, 2016 55
 Nuclear Energy
an energy generated when atoms either split
apart (fission) or combine (fusion).
Examples:
a) Fission heats water to drive steam
turbines and produce electricity
b) Solar energy is a product of a fusion
reaction
October 24, 2016 56
 Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy – an energy created by
friction or compression.

October 24, 2016 57

 Heat of Friction Heat of Compression

is the movement heat is

of two surfaces generated when
against each a gas is
other. This
compressed in a
movement
container or
produced sparks
being generated. cylinder.
October 24, 2016 58
 Heat Energy
an energy that is transferred between two
objects of differing temperature such as sun
and the earth.

October 24, 2016 59

 Light Energy
a visible radiation created at the atomic level
such as flame produced during combustion.

October 24, 2016 60

 Combustion Fire

is a self-sustaining is a rapid, self-

chemical reaction sustaining
producing energy oxidization process
accompanied by the
or products that
release of heat and
cause more light of different
reactions of the intensities.
same kind.
October 24, 2016 61
 4 Categories Products of
Combustion
1. Fire Gases
2. Flame
3. Heat
4. Smoke

October 24, 2016 62

Q9. It is the visible luminous body of burning
gas which become hotter and become less
luminous when it is mixed with increased
amounts of oxygen.

a. Heat
b. Fire
c. Flame
d. Smoke

October 24, 2016 63

 Fire Gases Flame
are those that remain when the visible light (light-
other products of
combustion cool to normal emitting) part of a
temperature. Common fire. It is caused by a
combustibles contain highly exothermic
carbon, which forms carbon
dioxide and carbon reaction taking place
monoxide when burned. in a thin zone.

October 24, 2016 64

 Types of Poisonous Gases
1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
2. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
3. Hydrogen Chloride (HCL)

October 24, 2016 65

 Hydrogen Sulfide
a fire gas formed during fires involving
organic material containing sulfur, such
as rubber, hair, wood, meat, and hides. It is
colorless, highly toxic gas with the strong
odor of rotten eggs. Exposure for even a
short time is dangerous. It will ignite at 500
degrees F (260 degrees C)

October 24, 2016 66

 Hydrogen Cyanide
A toxic gas found in oxygen-starve fires
involving nitrogen-containing materials such
as wool, silk, urethane, polymides, and
acrylics. This gas is also used as a fumigant
which can pose serious danger to
firefighters working in recently fumigated
buildings. Hydrogen cyanide smells like
bitter almonds which may not be easily
detected.
October 24, 2016 67
 Hydrogen Chloride
a gas which can be fatal after only a few
breaths is produced in fires involving
chloride-containing plastic. Plastics can be
found anywhere; from furnishings to
electrical insulation, conduit and pipings.

October 24, 2016 68

 Luminous Flame Non- luminous Flame
reddish-orange in is blue, there is
color; it deposits soot complete
because it is a combustion of fuel
product of
and has relatively
incomplete
combustion. It has high temperature.
lower temperature.

October 24, 2016 69

 Premixed Flame Diffusion Flame
is exemplified by a is observed when gas
Bunsen-type laboratory (fuel) alone is forced
burner where through a nozzle into
hydrocarbon (any the atmosphere which
substance containing diffuse in the
primarily carbon and
surrounding
hydrogen) is thoroughly
atmosphere in order to
mixed with air before
reaching the flame zone. form a flammable
mixture.
October 24, 2016 70
 Laminar Flame Turbulent Flame

flame is laminar are those having

unsteady, irregular
when a particle
flows. As physical
follows a smooth size, gas density or
path through a velocity is increased,
gaseous flame. all laminar gas flows
tend to become
turbulent.
October 24, 2016 71
Q10. This is a visible product of incomplete
combustion. It is consists of a mixture of oxygen,
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, finely
divided particles of soot and carbon and other
products released from the materials involved.

a. Heat
b. Fire
c. Flame
d. Smoke

October 24, 2016 72

 Heat Smoke

a form of energy It is the visible product of

incomplete combustion,
measured in usually a mixture of oxygen,
degree of nitrogen, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, finely
temperature, it is divided particles of soot and
the product of carbon, and miscellaneous
assortment of product
combustion that released from the burning
spread the fire. material.

October 24, 2016 73

 Physical Properties of Fire
1. Specific Gravity 5. Boiling Point
2. Vapor Density 6. Ignition Temperature
3. Temperature7. Flashpoint
4. Vapor Pressure 8. Flash Point

October 24, 2016 74

 Specific Gravity Vapor Density

the ratio of the the weight of a

volume of pure gas
weight of a solid
compared to the
or substance to weight of a volume of
the weight of an dry air at the same
equal volume of temperature and
pressure.
water.
October 24, 2016 75
 Vapor Pressure Temperature

the force exerted the measure of

thermal degree of the
by the molecules
agitation of
on the surface of molecules of a given
the liquid at substance; the
equilibrium. measure of the
molecular activity
within a substance.
October 24, 2016 76
Q1. Combustion is a manifestation of
endothermic reaction. This statement is not
correct. Is this true?

a. True
b. False
c. Yes
d. No

October 24, 2016 77

Q2. Nuclear Fuel does not burn but it gives
tremendous heat. If fission is splitting the nuclei of
an atom, and fusion is the combination of two
nuclei. Maria Christina falls is an example of ____?

a. Fission
b. Fusion
c. Addition
d. Subtraction

October 24, 2016 78

Q3. If a substance produces and liberates its
own oxygen when heated, then it is a good-

a. Conductor
b. Radiation
c. Oxidizing Agent
d. Vapor
e. Any of these

October 24, 2016 79

Q4. The ratio of the weight of a solid
substance to the weight of an equal volume
of water is called-

a. Atmospheric temperature
b. Vapor Density
c. Molecular weight
d. Specific Gravity
e. Vapor Pressure
October 24, 2016 80
Q5. What is the measure of the degree of
thermal agitation of molecules?

a. Ignition Point
b. Vapor Pressure
c. Temperature
d. Boiling Point
e. Thermometer

October 24, 2016 81

 WHO GOAT LINES
Walay Kusog nga Ulan,
Walay lapok nga dalan, ug labi
Sa tanan wala layo nga lugar….
Kong PISTA ang Adtuan!
Pakals na!

October 24, 2016 82

 Phases of Burning
1. Incipient/ Initial Phase
2. Free- Burning Phase
3. Smoldering Phase

October 24, 2016 83

 Incipient/ Beginning Phase
under this stage, the following
characteristics are observed: normal room
temperature, the temperature at the base of
the fire is 400-800 F, ceiling temperature is
about 200 F, the pyrolysis products are
mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide,
small quantities of carbon monoxide and
sulfides maybe present.
October 24, 2016 84
Other Characteristics Observed
a. Normal room temperature
b. Oxygen plentiful
c. Thermal updraft rise accumulates at
higher point.
d. Flame temperature of 1000 degrees F

October 24, 2016 85

 Free Burning Phase
it has the following characteristics: accelerated
pyrolysis process take place, development of
convection current: formation of thermal columns
as heat rises, temperature is 800-1000 F at the
base of fire, 1200-1600 F at ceiling, pyrolytic
decomposition moves upward on the
walls(crawling of the flame) leaving burnt patterns
(fire fingerprints), occurrence of flashover

October 24, 2016 86

Other Characteristics Observed
a. Fire has involved more fuel
b. Oxygen supply is depleted
c. Heat accumulates at upper area
d. Temperature exceeds 1,300 degrees F
(305 Degrees C)
e. Area is fully involved

October 24, 2016 87

 Smoldering Phase
this stage has the following characteristics: oxygen content
drops to 13% or below causing the flame to vanish and
heat to develop in layers, products of incomplete
combustion increase in volume, particularly carbon
monoxide with an ignition temperature of about 1125 F,
ceiling temperature is 1000-1300 F, heat and pressure in
the room builds up, building/room contains large quantities
of superheated fuel under pressure but little oxygen, when
sufficient supply of oxygen is introduced, backdraft
occurs.

October 24, 2016 88

Other Characteristics Observed
a. Flames may die and leave only glowing
embers or super heated fuel under
pressure with little oxygen.
b. Intense heat will vaporize lighter fuel
components, such as hydrogen and
methane, increasing the hazard.

October 24, 2016 89

Other Characteristics Observed
c. Temperature throughout the building is
very high and normal breathing is not
possible.
d. Oxygen deficiency may cause backdraft.

October 24, 2016 90

 Flashover Backdraft

occurs when a explosion of the

room or other area heated gases that
is heated enough was confine in an
that flames sweep area and suddenly
over the entire mix with air.
surface.

October 24, 2016 91

 Bite Back Flash Fire

occurs when occurs when

fire resist the dust is hit
from by the
extinguish lightning.
operation. (dust explosion)

October 24, 2016 92

 Conditions that indicate the
danger of backdraft
a. Pressurized smoke exiting small
openings
b. Black smoke becoming dense gray
yellow
c. Confinement and excessive heat

October 24, 2016 93

 Conditions that indicate the
danger of backdraft
d. Little or no visible flame
e. Smoke leaving the building in puffs or at
interval
f. Smoke stained window

October 24, 2016 94

 Classification of Fire
1. Based on Cause
2. Based on Burning Fuel

October 24, 2016 95

 Based on Cause
Natural Fire
Accidental Fire
Intentional Fire

October 24, 2016 96

 Intentional Fire
If in the burned property, there are
preparations or traces of accelerant, plants
and trailers, then the cause of fire is
intentional.

October 24, 2016 97

 Incendiary Mechanism
Accelerant – highly flammable chemicals that are
used to facilitate flame propagation.
Plant – the preparation and or gathering of
combustible materials needed to start a fire.
Trailer – the preparation of flammable substances
in order to spread the fire.

October 24, 2016 98

Q6. After you are sure that the electricity has
been turned off to a burning electric motor,
how should the fire be fought?

a. As a class A or B fire
b. As a class C fire
c. As a class D fire
d. None of these

October 24, 2016 99

 Class A
ordinary fires; they are the
types of fire resulting from
the burning wood, paper,
textiles, rubber and other
carbonaceous materials.
In short, this is the type of
fire caused by ordinary
combustible materials.
hydrocarbon deviations.
October 24, 2016
Class B
liquid fires; they are
caused by flammable
and or combustible
liquids such as
kerosene, gasoline,
benzene, oil products,
alcohol and other
100
 Class C Class D
electrical fires; they metallic fires; fires that
result from the combustion
are fires that starts in of certain metals in finely
live electrical wires, divided forms. These
equipment, motors, combustible metals include
magnesium, potassium,
electrical appliances powdered calcium, zinc,
and telephone sodium, and titanium.
switchboards.

October 24, 2016 101

 Class K
These are materials involved in the kitchen.
This classification was added to the NFPA
portable extinguishers Standard in 1998.

October 24, 2016 102

 Class A Class B
water is used in a the smothering or
cooling or quenching blanketing effect of
effect to reduce the oxygen exclusion is
most effective. Other
temperature of the extinguishing methods
burning material include removal of fuel
below its ignition and temperature
temperature. reduction.

October 24, 2016 103

 Class C Class D
this fire can sometimes be there is no agent available
controlled by a non- that would effectively control
conducting extinguishing fires in all combustible
agent. The safest procedure metals. Special
is always attempt to de- extinguishing agents are
energized high voltage available for control of fire in
circuits and treats as Class each of the metals & are
A or Class B fire depending marked specially for that
upon the fuel involved. metal.

October 24, 2016 104

 Fire Extinguisher

is a mechanical device, usually made of

metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or
gasses for stopping fires, the means for
application of its contents for the purpose of
putting out fire (particularly small fire ) before
it propagates, and is capable of being
readily moved from place to place.
October 24, 2016 105
 Water Types
Extinguishers (Pump Stored Pressure Water
Tanks). Extinguishers
this types contains it contains two and one
one and one half to half (21/2) gallons of
five gallons of water water and is applicable
to Class “A” fires. It has
and applicable to an average air pressure
Class “A” fires. It is of 100 PSI., stored with
hand pump the water on the
operated. chamber.

October 24, 2016 106

 Carbon Dioxide
Extinguishers
this type is prepared on the
following sizes 2, 21/2, 4, 5, 6,
10, 12, 15, 18, and 20 pounds
and is applicable to Class “B”
& Class “C” fires. A carbon
dioxide gas is stored under
pressure and expelled by
operating valves. The
discharge expels a cloud of
carbon dioxide gas with some
snow through the nozzle horn.
October 24, 2016
Halon Extinguishers
these are wheeled
extinguishers with sizes
such as 1 gallon and up to
10 gallons. It is applicable to
Class “B” & “C” fires,
consists a liquid that will
readily vaporize to a gas
which will inhibit the chain
reaction of the combustion
process.
107
 Liquefied Fire Ordinary Base Dry
Extinguisher Chemical Extinguishers

those these types are prepared in

21/2 and up to 30 pounds
extinguishers that sizes, which is applicable to
contain Carbon Class “B” and “C” fires. Its
contained alkaline base
Monoxide Gas use chemical is expelled either
to fight class A, B, by gas cartridge or stored
pressure on the same
and C fires container which is operated
by a nozzle shut-off valve.

October 24, 2016 108

 Dry Chemical Dry Powder
extinguishing agents in is generally term
use today are mixtures
of powders and various
for agents used to
additives that improve extinguish
the storage, flow, and combustible metal
water repellency of fires.
powders.

October 24, 2016 109

 Most Common Dry Chemical
1. Sodium Bicarbonate
2. Potassium Bicarbonate
3. Mono Ammonium Phosphate

October 24, 2016 110

 AFFF
Aqueous Film Forming Foam- has replaced
protein foam for all around firefighting
purpose.

October 24, 2016 111

 AFFF
the quick “knock-down” and “heat reduction”
properties of AFFF have proven it to be a
highly effective agent. These properties,
combined with its ability to seal the surface
of burning hydrocarbon fires to prevent
“flashback”.

October 24, 2016 112

Q1. The best way to suppress Class C fire is
through the process of quenching. In which
the best cooling agent is water. This
statement is false. Is this false?

a. True
b. False
c. True
d. No
October 24, 2016 113
Q2. Among the dry chemical. Which of the
following is considered as multi-purpose
use?

a. Sodium Bicarbonate
b. Potassium Bicarbonate
c. Mono Ammonium Phosphate
d. Both A and B

October 24, 2016 114

Q3. Fingerprint of fire happens in what
stages of fire?

a. Incipient Phase
b. Free- Burning Phase
c. Smoldering Phase
d. None of these

October 24, 2016 115

Q4. In the smoldering phase. Fire is no
longer present due to ___?

a. Present of more fuel

b. Lack of heat
c. Deficiency of oxygen
d. Any of the above

October 24, 2016 116

Q5. The preparation of flammable
substances in order to spread the fire. This
is called ____.

a. Accelerant
b. Plant
c. Trailer
d. Incendiary fire

October 24, 2016 117

 WHO GOAT LINES

HIT & RUN

Kana btawng gipa kilig ka, Tapos..
Katung na fall naka
Kalit ra dayon ka niya
Gi-BIYAAN
October 24, 2016 118
 Markings Required of a Fire
Extinguisher under (Rule 37, Sec. 106
of PD 1185)
Date of original filling
Chemical Contents
Type of extinguisher
Operating Instruction and Safe Procedure in usage
Name and address of the manufacturer
Name and address of the dealer.

October 24, 2016 119

 General Procedure of using a
Fire Extinguisher
P - Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that
keeps the handle from being pressed. Press the
plastic or thin wire inspection band.
A– Aim the nozzle or outlet towards the fire. Some
hose assemblies are dipped to the extinguisher
body. Released it and then point at the base of
the fire.
October 24, 2016 120
 General Procedure of using a
Fire Extinguisher
S – Squeeze the handle above carrying
handle to discharge the extinguishing
agent inside. The handle can be released
to stop the discharge at any time.
S – Sweep the nozzle sideways at the base
of the flame to disperse the extinguishing
agent.

October 24, 2016 121

 Spontaneous Heating and
Spontaneous Ignition
start as a result of a chemical reaction within
the material. A reaction independent of any
outside source of heat.

October 24, 2016 122

 Spontaneous Heating Spontaneous Ignition

is a cycle of temperature
oxidation that that is high
builds up
temperature high enough to
enough to cause cause ignition.
ignition.

October 24, 2016 123

 Propagation of Fire
it is simply means spread of fire
characterized by heat transfer.

October 24, 2016 124

 Conduction Convection
it is the transmission it is the transmission of
of heat through an heat by the moving
object/ medium or currents of liquid or gas.
When these gases or
conductor, such as liquids are heated, they
pipe, metal, hot- air start to move within
duct, wire or even themselves; and by
wall. their free motion,
circulation starts.
October 24, 2016 125
 Radiation Direct Flame Contact
the transmission heat may be
through the discharge
and spread of heat from
conducted from
a heated or burning one body to
source. This radiation another by direct
takes place or the air or flame contact.
space that cause
another flammable
object to ignite.
October 24, 2016 126
 Intensity of Fire Magnitude of Fire

simply means simply means the

“how hot the size of a fire, and it
is governed by the
fire is burning” surface area of
fuel exposed to air.

October 24, 2016 127

 Fire Suppression Fire Fighting
means slowing down
the rate of burning,
is an activity
whereas CONTROL intended to
means keeping the fire
from spreading or save lives and
holding the fire to one property.
area. Extinguishing is
putting the fire
completely out.
October 24, 2016 128
 Fire Hazard Fire Trap
is any condition or act that a building unsafe
increases or may cause
increase in the probability in case of fire
that fire will occur or which because it will
may obstruct, delay, hinder
or interfere with fire fighting burn easily or
operations and the because it lacks
safeguarding of life and
property adequate exits or
fire escapes.
October 24, 2016 129
 Strategy used in Firefighting
Locate the fire
Confine the fire
Extinguish the fire
Exposures

October 24, 2016 130

FACTORS TO BE EVALUATED AT
THE FIRE SCENE
Extent of the fire
Its location in the building
The type of contents involved
The life hazards
The fire condition
Type of construction

October 24, 2016 131

 Ventilation
It is a method used for clearing the building
of smoke and gases, localize the fire, and
reduce smoke and forcible entry damage.

October 24, 2016 132

 Vertical Ventilation
the method to establish vertical ventilation is
it must be worked from the top and down.
Heated gases and smoke rise to the highest
point and, if confined, will tend to
“mushroom” or rise to the highest point of
the building, exerting their heating effect on
everything they touch.
October 24, 2016 133
Cross or Horizontal ventilation
if the smoke and gases have not reached
the higher levels, cross ventilation can clear
the building one floor at a time. Windows
are the easiest and generally most available
for the common types of buildings, but the
indiscriminate opening of windows and
doors can defeat the purpose of ventilation.

October 24, 2016 134

 Mechanical or Forced
Ventilation
a process or method of ventilation whereby
a device such as smoke ejector is utilized to
remove faster excessive heat and dense
smoke in a confined building.

October 24, 2016 135

 TEST
OF
KNOWLEDGE

October 24, 2016 136

Q1. The following are strategies used in fire
fighting. All but one is wrong.

a. Locate the fire

b. Confine the fire
c. Extinguish the fire
d. None of the above

October 24, 2016 137

Q2. A 6 floor building was set into fire. The fire
started at the first floor and another fire went to 3 rd
floor leaving the second floor unburned. Based on
the heat transfer method, this simply shows ____?

a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Radiation
d. Direct Heating

October 24, 2016 138

Q3. A squatter area is an example of _____
for it would be difficult for the fire fighters in
doing fire fighting activity.

a. Fire Closed
b. Fire Trap
c. Fire Hazard
d. Fire Threat

October 24, 2016 139

Q4. Is possible that the four methods of heat
transfer be utilized during fire incident?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Maybe
d. Perhaps

October 24, 2016 140

Q5. In terms of heat transfer there are four
methods. If we will be talking on the
direction of heat, how does the heat travel?

a. Hot region to Hot region

b. Cold region to Cold region
c. Hot region to Cold region
d. Cold region to Hot region

October 24, 2016 141

 Fire Fighting Operations
1. PRE-FIRE PLANNING
2. EVALUATION – SIZE – UP
3. EVACUATION
4. ENTRY
5. RESCUE
6. EXPOSURE
7. CONFINEMENT
8. VENTILATION
9. SALVAGE
10. EXTINGUISHMENT
11. OVERHAUL

October 24, 2016 142

 Pre- Fire Planning
this activity involves
developing and defining
systematic course of actions
that maybe performed in
order to realize the
objectives of fire protection:
involves the process of
establishing the SOP in
case fire breaks out.
October 24, 2016
Evaluation- Size- Up
(on-the-spot planning or
sizing-up the situation) - this
is the process knowing the
emergency situation. It
involves mental evaluation
by the operation officer-in-
charge to determine the
appropriate course of action
that provides the highest
probability of success.
143
 WHO GOAT LINES
Ingon sa Bayot:
Kong ulan, kami ang hinungdan,
Kung Magkilat, kami ang
Pasanginlan.
Kong Magpildi sa Dula, Kami nakademalas.
Unsa man diay kaming mga bayot….
GAMHANAN….
October 24, 2016 144
 Evacuation Entry
this the activity of this is the process
transferring people,
livestock, and property away of accessing the
from the burning area to burning structure.
minimize damage or
destruction that the fire Entry maybe done
might incur in case it in a forcible
propagates to other
adjacent buildings. manner.

October 24, 2016 145

 Rescue Exposure
this is the operation of also called cover
removing (extricating), exposure, this is the
thus saving, people and activity of securing other
other livestock from the buildings near the
burning building and burning structure in
other involved order to prevent the
properties, conveying fire from the extending
them to a secure place  to another building.

October 24, 2016 146

 Confinement Ventilation
this is the activity of this the operation
restricting the fire at the purposely conducted to
place (room) where it
displace toxic gases. It
started : the process of
preventing fire from includes the process of
extending from another displacing the heated
section or form one section atmosphere within the
to another section of the involved building with
involved building. normal air from outside
atmosphere.
October 24, 2016 147
 Salvage Extinguishment
the activity of protecting the this is the process of
properties from preventable
damage other than the fire. putting out the main
The steps are a) remove the body of fire by using
material outside the burning the 4 general
area, and b) protecting or
cover the materials by using methods of fire
tarpaulins (cotton canvass extinguishments.
treated with water proofing).

October 24, 2016 148

 Overhaul Fire Scene Investigation
this is the complete and This is the final stage
detailed check of the
structure and all materials of fire suppression
therein to eliminate activities. It is an
conditions that may cause inquiry conducted to
re-flash; involves complete
extinguishments of sparks know or determine
or smouldering (glowing) the origin and cause
substances (embers) to of fire.
prevent possibilities of re-
ignition or rekindling.
October 24, 2016 149
 Fire Investigation
It has the major power to investigate all
causes of fires and necessary, file the
proper complaints with the proper authority
that has jurisdiction over the case.

October 24, 2016 150

 Fire Protection
is the descriptive term referring to the
various methods used by the bureau to stop,
extinguish and control destructive fire for
eventual prevention of loss of life and
property.

October 24, 2016 151

 Objectives of Fire Protection

1. To prevent destructive fire from starting

2. To extinguish (stop or put out) on going
destructive fire
3. To confine a destructive fire at the place where it
began
4. To prevent loss of life and property when fire
starts

October 24, 2016 152

 Sprinkler System Smoke Detector
consists of a network of is a device that sounds an
pipes installed alarm if a small amount of
smoke enters their sensors.
throughout a building.
Smoke detectors are
The pipes carry water to attached to the ceiling or
nozzles in the ceiling. wall in several areas of the
The heat from a fire home. Fire protection
causes the nozzles experts recommend at least
directly above the fire to one detector for each floor
of a residence.
open and spray water.
October 24, 2016 153
 Hose Box Hose Reel

a box or cabinet a cylindrical

where fire hoses, device turning
valves and other on an axis
equipment are
around which a
stored and
fire hose is
arranged for fire
fighting. wound and
October 24, 2016
connected. 154
 Jumper Overloading

a piece of metal or the use of one or more

electrical appliances or
an electrical devices which draw or
conductor used to consume electrical
bypass a safety current beyond the
device in an designed capacity of the
existing electrical
electrical system. system.

October 24, 2016 155

 Standpipe System Vestibule
A system of vertical A passage hall or
pipes in a building to
which fire hoses can be
antechamber
attached on each floor, between the outer
including a system by doors and the
which water is made interior parts of a
available to the outlets
as needed. house or building.

October 24, 2016 156

 Vertical Shaft Horizontal Exit
an enclosed vertical Passageway from
space of passage one building to
that extends from another or through
floor to floor, as well
or around a wall
as from the base to
the top of the in approximately
building. the same floor
level.
October 24, 2016 157
 Fire Vehicles
The main types are (1) engines, (2) ladder
appliances, and (3) rescue vehicles.

October 24, 2016 158

 Engines
also called water tenders, have a large
pump that takes water from a fire hydrant or
other source. The pump boosts the
pressure of the water and forces it through
hoses. Engines carry several sizes of hoses
and nozzles. Many also have a small-
diameter hose called a booster line, which is
wound on a reel. The booster line is used
chiefly to put out small outdoor fires.
October 24, 2016 159
 Ladder appliances
A type of fire vehicles that carries Ladder.

October 24, 2016 160

 Turntable Ladder Hydraulic Platforms
truck has a cage-like platform that
has a metal can hold several people. The
extension ladder platform is attached to a lifting
device that is mounted on a
mounted on a turntable. The lifting device
turntable. The ladder consists of either a hinged boom
(long metal arm) or an extendable
can be raised as boom made of several sections
that fit inside each other. The
high as 30 meters, or boom on the largest vehicles can
about eight storeys. extend 46 meters.

October 24, 2016 161

 Fire Fighting Vehicles Rescue Vehicles
are equipped with are enclosed vehicles equipped
with many of the same kinds of
portable ladders of forcible entry tools that ladder
various types and sizes. appliances carry. But rescue
vehicles also carry additional
They also carry forcible equipment for unusual rescues.
entry tools, which fire They have such tools as
fighters use to gain oxyacetylene torches, for cutting
through metal, and hydraulic
entry into a building and jacks, for lifting heavy objects.
to ventilate it to let out
smoke.
October 24, 2016 162
 Special Fire Vehicles
include airport crash tenders and hazardous
materials units. Airport crash tenders are
engines that spray foam or dry chemicals on
burning aircraft. Water is ineffective against
many aircraft fires, such as those that
involve jet fuel or certain metals.

October 24, 2016 163

 WHO GOAT LINES

Unsaon Pag-move on?

Simple ra.
Ilabay imong Pagkatanga
Ug irampa imong ka.gwapa

October 24, 2016 164

 Straight Ladder
is nonadjustable in length &
consist of only one section.
This is sometimes called
wall ladder, used for quick
access to windows and
rooftop one 7 two storey
buildings. This type is used
in length of 12, 14, 16, 18,
and 24 feet.
October 24, 2016
Extension Ladder
is adjustable in length, consisting
two sections which travel in guide
or brackets to permit length
adjustment. This is type provides
access to windows and roofs
within the limit of their extendable
lengths. It is 24 to 65 feet in
length. A baby Extension (Baby
Bangor) is a 12 foot extension
ladder without a halyard for
raising the fly section.
165
 Combination Ladder Wall Pompier Ladder
is adjustable in length and consists of a large goose-
has a suitable means for neck hook at the tip, with a
unlocking the sections so single beam through which
that the two separate the rungs projects. It may be
sections can form equal used to reach upper stories
angles with the floor or of tall buildings, beyond the
ground as a stepladder. reach of ground or aerial
ladders.

October 24, 2016 166

 Aerial Ladder
is a mechanical unit generally
operated by hydraulic power is
mounted upon a specially built
chassis. The source of power is
usually derived from the
apparatus engine which actuates
a hydraulic hoist. It is constructed
of metal & are trussed to provide
adequate strength. It ranges from
65 – 100 feet.
October 24, 2016
Tower Ladder
apparatus combines some
features of both aerial
ladder equipment and
elevating platforms. A
telescopic boom has a
ladder mounted on it, but
the top working area is a
partially enclosed platform.
Various ground ladders are
also carried.
167
 Fly Ladder/ Fly Section Folding Ladder

The extendible A ladder designed for

use in inaccessible
top section of an areas where ordinary
extension ladder. ladders will not fit: the
rungs fold completely
into the beams when
fully closed.

October 24, 2016 168

 Beam Bed Ladder/ Bed Section

the solid or The lower section

trussed main of an extension
structural side ladder into which
member of a the upper section
ladder, supporting retracts.
the rungs.

October 24, 2016 169

 Butt Butt Plates
steel spikes mounted on
the bottom or the butts to provide a
base end of a more secure base for
the ladder on hard
ladder. surfaces such as
concrete. They also
serve as a protection
against excessive wear
on the ends of ladders.
October 24, 2016 170
 Guides/ Channels Gusset Plate

Light wood strips A flat metal plate

used in truss
or metal
constructed ladders,
channels which which connects the
guide the fly rails of the beam and
ladder while it is supports the rungs.
being raised.
October 24, 2016 171
 Halyard Hook Ladder/ Roof Ladder

A rope used to A ladder

elevate the fly equipped with
section of an folding hooks at
extension ladder.
the top.

October 24, 2016 172

 Ladder Locks
a locking mechanism that
secures an extension ladder
in the desired extended
position by engaging the
beams of the fly ladder to
the rungs of the bed of the
ladder. It is also called dogs
or pawl.
October 24, 2016
Latching Device
a device used on
combination ladders to lock
the ladder in position. This is
consisting of hinges and
pins.
173
 Pulley Rails

a grooved wheel the two lengthwise

attached to the members of a
bed ladder of an trussed ladder
extension ladder beam which are
through which the connected by the
halyard is drawn. gusset plates.

October 24, 2016 174

 Rungs Safety Shoe

the cross a swivel type butt

members between plate consisting of
the beam of the rubber tread and a
spike. It may be used
ladders, used as
with either the rubber
footrest in or the spiked end on
climbing. the ground.

October 24, 2016 175

 Solid Beam Ladder Trussed Ladder

A ladder with a ladder with

beams of solid beams of open
construction construction
consisting of rails
(see trussed
and gusset plates.
ladder).

October 24, 2016 176

 Stops Tip or Top

a limiting device the upper end

on extension
ladders to prevent of a ladder.
fly ladder from
over extending out
of the bed of the
ladder.
October 24, 2016 177
 Heel Pawl or Dog

the part of the a rope or cable

ladder that used to raise
touches the the fly ladder.
ground.

October 24, 2016 178

 Fire Hose
This term identifies a type of flexible tube used by
firefighters to carry water under pressure from the
source of supply to a point where it is discharged
to extinguish fire. Fire hose is the most used item
in the fire service and the way it is used requires it
to be flexible, water tight, have a smooth lining and
durable covering.

October 24, 2016 179

Booster or Chemical Hose Forestry Hose

the ¾ or 1 inch the 1-1/8 inch

rubber- woven jacket
covered, rubber lined
rubber-lined single jacket
hose with 1-1/8
hose with 1
inch couplings.
inch couplings.
October 24, 2016 180
 Non-Collapsible Intake
Intake Hose Hose
The 4-, 5-, and 6- The 2-1/2-, 3-, 4-, 4-
inch woven jacketed 1/2, 5-, 6-inch.
rubber lined

October 24, 2016 181

 Hose Jacket Hose Clamp
is a tool that is used to is a tool that is used to shut
seal small cuts or off water in hose lines when
other control valves are not
breaks which may occur
applicable. It is also used to
in fire hose or to replace a burst section of
connect mismated or hose, to extend lines, or to
damaged couplings of hold water back for line
the same size. advancement without
shutting off the source of
supply.

October 24, 2016 182

 Hose Bridge or Ramps Chafing Blocks

is a fire fighting this prevents

equipment which damage to
is utilized to
prevent damage to hose near the
hose whenever water pump
traffic must cross caused by
the hose. vibration.
October 24, 2016 183
 WHO GOAT LINES

Pangita’g GUGMA Kung READY

Naka Dili kung kanus-a
GILAAY KA!
KIAT BESH…

October 24, 2016 184

 Bureau of Fire Protection
Republic Act # 6975, the DILG Act of 1990
(Chapter 4, Section 53-59) created the
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) to be
responsible for the prevention and
suppression of all destructive fires and to
enforce the laws on fire.

October 24, 2016 185

 What are the roles of the
Firemen in Fire Investigation?
Firemen are usually at the crime scene
ahead of the fire investigators. Hence, they
are valuable sources of information. They
are the so-called “Eyes and Ears” of the
police before, during and after the fire has
been placed under control.

October 24, 2016 186

 What is Arson?
is the intentional or malicious destruction of
property by fire.

October 24, 2016 187

 Presidential Decree No. 1613
Special Aggravating Circumstance in Arson
 
If committed with intent to gain:
If committed with the benefit of another:
If the offender is motivated by spite or hatred towards the owner or
occupant of the property burned:
If committed by a syndicate (3 or more persons).

October 24, 2016 188

 Prima Facie Evidence of Arson
1. If the fire started simultaneously in more
than one part of the building or
establishment
2. If substantial amounts of flammable
substance or materials are stored within the
building not necessary in the business of the
offender or for house hold use.

October 24, 2016 189

 Prima Facie Evidence of Arson

3. If gasoline, kerosene, petroleum, or other

flammable or combustible substances or
materials soaked therewith or containers
thereof, or any mechanical, electrical,
chemical, or electronic contrivance designed
to start a fire, a fire, or ashes or traces of
any of the foregoing are found in the ruins or
premises of the burned building or property.
October 24, 2016 190
4. If the building or property is insured for
substantially more than its actual value at
the time of the issuance of the policy.
5. If during the lifetime of the corresponding
fire insurance policy more than two fires
have occurred in the same or other
premises owned or under the control of the
offender and / or insured.

October 24, 2016 191

6. If shortly before the fire, a substantial
portion of the effects insured and stored in a
building or property had been withdrawn
from the premises except in the ordinary
course of business.
7. If a demand for money or other valuable
consideration was made before the fire in
exchange for the desistance of the offender
or the safety of the person or property of the
victim.
October 24, 2016 192
 What Constitutes Arson?
Burning – to constitute burning, pyrolysis
must takes place. In other words, there must
be burning or changing, i.e. the fibber of the
wood must be destroyed, its identity
changed.
Wilfulness – means intentional, and implies
that the act was done purposely and
intentionally.
October 24, 2016 193
Malice – it denotes hatred or a desire
for revenge.
Motive – is the moving cause that
induces the commission of the crime.
Intent – is the purpose or design with
which the act is done and involves the
will.

October 24, 2016 194

 Methods of Proof in Arson
Burning – that there was fire that may be shown by direct
testimony of complaint, firemen responding to the crime,
other eyewitnesses. Burned parts of the building may also
indicate location.
Criminal Design – must show that it was wilfully and
intentionally done. The presence of incendiary devices,
flammables such as gasoline and kerosene may indicate
that the fire is not accidental.

October 24, 2016 195

 Methods of Proof in Arson

Evidence of Intent – When valuables were

removed from the building before the fire, ill-
feeling between the accused and the
occupants of the building burned, absence
of effort to put off fire and such other
indications.

October 24, 2016 196

 What are basic lines of inquiry
in Arson Investigation?
The arson investigator must have to inquire
on the following a) point of origin of fire b)
motives of arsonist c) prime suspects d) the
telltale signs of arson.

October 24, 2016 197

 Types of Pyromania

Abnormal Youth – epileptics, imbeciles and

morons
Hero Type – a person set a building on fire and
pretends to discover it, turn on the alarm or make
some rescue works to appear as “hero
Drug addicts and alcoholics
Sexual deviates and perverts.

October 24, 2016 198

 The Tell Tale Signs of Arson
Burned Building – the type of the building may
indicate a set fire under certain circumstance. A
fire of considerable size at the time the first
apparatus arrive at the scene is suspicious if it is a
modern concrete or semi-concrete building.
 
Separate fires – when two or more separate fire
breaks out within a building. The fire is certainly
suspicious.
October 24, 2016 199
Color of Smoke – some fire burn with little or
no smoke but they are exception. The
observation of the smoke must be made at
the start of the fire since once the fire has
assumed a major proportion, the value of
the smoke is lost, because the smoke will
not indicate the material used by the
arsonist

October 24, 2016 200

 When white smoke appears before the
water from the fire hose comes in contact
with the fire, it indicates humid material
burning. Example – burning hay, vegetable
materials, phosphorus (with garlic odor).

Biting smoke, irritating the nose and throat

and causing lacrymation and coughing
indicates presence of chlorine. 

October 24, 2016 201

 Black smoke indicates lack of air if
accompanied by large flames it indicates
petroleum products and rubber. 

Reddish-brown smoke indicates

nitrocellulose, S1, H2, S04, HN03, or HCI.

October 24, 2016 202

 Meaning of color of Smoke and
Fire
Black smoke with deep red flame –
petroleum products, tar, rubber, plastics, etc.
Heavy brown with bright red flame –
nitrogen products
White smoke with bright flame – magnesium
products
October 24, 2016 203
Black smoke with red and blue green flame
asphalt
Purple-violet flame – potassium products
Greenish-yellow flame – Chloride or
Manganese products
Bright reddish yellow flame – Calcium
products

October 24, 2016 204

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October 24, 2016 212
Choices: Consisting of Key & Detractors.
a. Forum
b. Market Place
C. Public Discussion
d. Legal
e. All of these
The word Forensic was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which
means a market place, a place where people gather for purposes of
public discussion.

October 24, 2016 213