Shock theory

Lecture 1 - Introduction

Marina Čerpinska
Researcher

18.09.2020.
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Lecture 1 - Overview
10:15–
Grades sheet. About Instructor. Course Contents. 
10:30
10:30–
Survey on existing skills.
10:45
Short Break if time permits
11:00–
About Software. Introduction to Shock.
11:25
11:25–
Game on Mathematical models.
11:50
Long Break
12:30-
Case study: airplane crash.
13:10
Short Break
13:20-
Solving Dynamic problems in MathCAD. No rush.
14:05

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Attendance/Grade sheet
Let’s create a grade sheet for this course.

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Let’s make acquaintance
 About Instructor;
 Not full time Lecturer; 
 Meeting times: after lectures or before;

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Introduction
In the course of their lifetime simple items in everyday use such as mobile
telephones, wristwatches, electronic components in cars or more specific items
such as satellite equipment or flight systems in aircraft, can be subjected to
various conditions of temperature and humidity, and more particularly to
mechanical shock and vibrations, which form the subject of this work. They
must therefore be designed in such a way that they can withstand the effects of
the environmental conditions to which they are exposed without being damaged.
Their design must be verified using a prototype or by calculations and/or
significant laboratory testing.

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Course Contents
 16 lectures, no lecture on 02.10.2020 and
01.01.2021. 
 Your guideline for the rest of the semester.
 Questions and answers;
 Evaluation criteria.
 Exam. End of January.
 Homeworks. No strict deadlines.
 Laboratory project in November.
 Bump test demonstration in December.
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Course Topics
 Asine and sloped impact;
 Rotating impact; 
 Two body collision; 
 Impulse recovery; 
 Friction area; 
 Models with dispersed parameters; 
 Hydraulic impact; 
 Impact on elastic beam; 
 Impact on body systems;
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Software
 MatchCAD;
 MatLAB; 
 SolidWork Simulation;
 If time permits – LabVIEW.

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Let’s make acquaintance (2)
 Please fill in the questions in the Google
form.
 Short brake until 11:00.

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Impact in nature

Meteor explosion in
Chelyabinsk (Russia)

Meteor Crater in Arizona

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Vehicle Collision

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Shock
 Which simple machines experience shock?

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Shock (2)
 What stresses occur due to shock?

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Fatigue
 Is every failure related to fatigue?

A. Sofronas. Figure 10.13 Broken

crankshaft due to fatigue and impact.

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Shock (3)
 Example of the gym in the bank.
 Shock is sometimes confused with resonance.

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Shock (4)
 Thermal/fluid systems for shock absorbers.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiMrKcEf12c
 We are going to model shock absorbers in this
course, and to do it we need numerical methods.

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Impact tests

 Test of glass

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Tools and Machines based on Impact Action

Piling Machine

Punch-press

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Shock standards
 The initial standards, drawn up in
the 1940s,  were blanket
specifications, often extremely
stringent, consisting of a
sinusoidal vibration, the frequency
of which was set to the resonance
of the equipment. They were
essentially designed to
demonstrate a certain standard
resistance of the equipment, with
the implicit hypothesis that if the
equipment survived the
particular environment it would
withstand, undamaged, the
vibrations to which it would
be subjected in service. 
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 Current preference is to talk of the
tailoring of the product to its
environment in order to assert
more clearly that the environment
must be taken into account
from the very start of the project,
rather than to check the behavior
of the material a posteriori. These
concepts, originating with the
military, are currently
being increasingly echoed in the
civil field. 
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Why do we need numerical
methods?
 To solve problems that have complex
mathematical solution.

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Problems
 Exercise problems;
 Applied problems.

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Models
 Theoretical science involves the construction of
models to interpret experimental results, and to
predict results for future experimental check.
 Since these results are often numerical, the
applied mathematician attempts to construct a
mathematical model of a complex situation
arising in some field such as physics or
economics by describing the important features
in mathematical terms.

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Examples
A game
 The automobile drive on uneven road; Model of
sleeve bearing and bearing support; The house
during the earthquake; Bus suspension system;
The ship; The automobile; One cylinder motor;
Electrical motor with unbalance; The train. 

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 Examples. A game
 The automobile drive on uneven road; Model of
sleeve bearing and bearing support; The house
during the earthquake; Bus suspension system;
The ship; The automobile; One cylinder motor;
Electrical motor with unbalance; The train. 

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 The automobile drive on uneven road; Model of
sleeve bearing and bearing support; The house
during the earthquake; Bus suspension system;
The ship; The automobile; One cylinder motor;
Electrical motor with unbalance; The train. 

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Examples
A game

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Examples
A game

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After a game

 Long Break until 12:30.

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Case study. B-25
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jYfXi-
W4p8
 Three methods.
 Kinetics of a particle.
 Plane B-25 crashes into Empire state
building.
 In Latvian: Lidmašīnas bumbvedēja
trieciena aprēķins.

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In Latvian:
Jūlijs 28, 1945;
Ņujorka;

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Situation (in Latvian)
 Bumbvedējs B-25 Mitchell ietriecas Empire State Building;
 Ceļā no Bedfordas uz New-Jersey;
 Trīs pasažieri;
 Ātrums 400 km/h, jo lidmašīna kavēja;
 Bija bieza migla, migla traucēja redzamību;
 Pilotam bija prasība uzturēt 5 km redzamību uz priekšu, taču viņš to
ignorēja;
 Lidmašīna izlidoja no mākoņa 120 m virs zemes, lai uzņemtu
ātrumu;
 278 m augstumā lidmašīna ietriecās ēkā;
 Ēkā tika izsists caurums 6 m augstumā un 5.5 m platumā;
 Trieciena spēks salocīja lidmašīnas spārnus, un viens motors
aizlidoja līdz otrai ēkas sienai, viens – līdz lifta šahtai.

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Consequences (in Latvian)
 Divas sievietes otrā liftā izglābās, bet guva nopietnus
ievainojumus, kad automātika bremzēja brīvo kritienu;
 Viena sieviete tika Ginesa rekordu grāmatā par
visgarāko kritienu liftā, neejot bojā (75 stāvu kritiens).
 Vairāki cilvēki gāja bojā, jo sākās degšana (14 cilvēki,
ieskaitot lidmašīnas pasažierus).
 Pilots tika atrasts lifta šahtas apakšā;
 Trieciena punkts sakrita ar vienu no ēkas kolonnām, tieši
stiprinājumu zonā, un kolonna nesaliecās;
 Izlidojušie motori kolonnā neietriecās, bet atbalsta sijas
izliecās par 450 mm.

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Structure (in Latvian)
 Rāmju struktūrām, kur sijas un kolonnas ir cieši
sastiprinātas, ir raksturīga augsta noturība (redundancy),
dotajā gadījumā konstrukciju saturēja kniedes;
 Kolonnas atradās viena no otras 5.8 m attālumā;
 Tādu ēku var salīdzināt ar kukaini, kam ir daudz kāju,
kas nodrošina stabilitāti, ja viena kāja nevar kustēties;
 Ēka bija projektēta, lai izturētu vēja triecienu, kas ir 200
reizes stiprāks, nekā tas, ko radīja lidmašīna;
 Pateicoties elementu berzei, konstrukcijas vibrācija pēc
trieciena norima ātri.

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History (in Latvian)
 1960. gadā, projektējot Pasaules tirdzniecības
centra dvīņu torņus, Ņujorkā, tika modelēts
scenārijs, ka tajos ietrieksies Boeing 707: Empty
Weight 67 495 kg Wing Span 43,40 m Length
46,61 m;
 Taču ietriecās citas lidmašīnas, smagākas:
Boeing 767-300: Empty Weight 88 469 kg Wing
Span 47,57 m Length 54,90 m.

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For Calculations
 10 tonnas (9 210 kg)

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Methods
 1.Ņūtona vienādojums
(Force acceleration);
 2.Enerģijas vienādojums (Work energy);
 3.Impulsa-momenta vienādojums
(Impulse-momentum).

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Methods

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Tools
 Systems of equations;
 Differential equations;
 Matrixes and determinants.
 Why we need differential equations? Let's
compare inst. velocity to dif.eq.:
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/
high-school-physics/one-dimensional-
motion-2/velocity-and-speed-from-graphs/
v/instantaneous-speed-and-velocity
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Other tools

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Software
 Software packages that deal with numerical analysis
algorithms: Netlib, Visual Numerics (formerly IMSL), HiQ,
Macsyma, Maple, Mathcad, Mathematica, and Matlab.
 We use Mathcad and MatLAB. 
 You will see the difference. MatLAB is compatible with
C++ and LabVIEW, it also has Simulink tools.
 MathCad is:
– «Repeatable & auditable»;
– «Human readable calculations».

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Which companies use MathCAD

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Introduction to MathCad
 Today we will work through Harpers’ Book
Chapter 1.
 If you feel «lost» during the course, please
revise that chapter.
 If you know MathCad well, skip this step,
however, I recommend to do it together,
because it will improve your ability to solve
problems without examples.

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YOUR FILES
 Choose one computer in the classroom. You
will work on this computer during the
semester.
  On your computer in the class create a
folder under path My documents->Studentu
darbi->Cerpinska. 
 Save all your files created during the class in
this folder. Save your files using the date of
the course and covered topic, for
example, 200918_Introduction.
 You can use these files during the exam.  53
MathCad basics
 Harper Chapter 1:
 Radians;
 Variables and functions;
 «Range Variables»;
 «Solve blocks».

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Alignment
 To make your document look neat, use
option:
 Format - Align regions – Across

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Function f(n)
 f(n) function depends on variable n.
 In Mathcad n should never be forgotten.

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Readings
 Handout on Mathematical models.
 Harper. Solving Dynamics Problems in
Mathcad. Chapter I.

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