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Textbook Structural Analysis A Unified Classical and Matrix Approach Seventh Edition Ghali Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Structural Analysis A Unified Classical and Matrix Approach Seventh Edition Ghali Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Structural Analysis: A unified
classical and matrix approach
Now in its seventh edition, this book is used internationally in six languages by students,
lecturers and engineers, because of the level of clarity and thorough selection of contents,
honed in successive editions. With new solved examples and problems and an expanded set
of computer programs, the text comprises more than 160 worked examples and 425 prob-
lems with answers. There are added sections and chapters. The fundamentals of dynamic
analysis of structures are now presented in three chapters including the response of struc-
tures to earthquakes. Throughout the text, the analysis of three-dimensional spatial struc-
tures is considered.
The book contains basic procedures of structural analysis that should be covered in first
courses, teaching modeling structures as beams, trusses, plane or space frames and grids or
assemblages of finite elements. A companion set of computer programs, with their source
code and executable files, assist in thorough understanding and applying the procedures.
Advanced topics are presented in the same text for use in higher courses and practice and
to inspire beginners.
Amin Ghali is Professor Emeritus in the Civil Engineering Department of the University of
Calgary, Canada.
7th edition
A. Ghali
Structural Engineering Consultant
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering
University of Calgary
A. M. Neville
Civil Engineering Consultant
Formerly Principal and Vice-Chancellor
University of Dundee
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we
may rectify in any future reprint.
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utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho-
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identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
v
vi Contents
Example 14.1: Structures with four and with twenty stories 441
14.6 Shear walls with openings 444
14.7 Three-dimensional analysis 447
14.7.1 One-storey structure 447
Example 14.2: Structure with three shear walls 451
14.7.2 Multistorey structure 453
Example 14.3: Three-storey structure 457
14.8 Outrigger-braced high-rise buildings 459
14.8.1 Location of the outriggers 460
Example 14.4: Concrete building with two
outriggers subjected to wind load 462
14.9 General 464
Appendix A 829
Appendix B 845
Appendix C 851
Appendix D 855
Appendix E 857
Appendix F 863
Appendix G 865
Appendix H 869
Appendix I 871
Appendix J 873
Appendix K 875
Appendix L 877
Answers to problems 893
Index 923
Preface to the Seventh Edition
We are proud that this book now appears in its seventh edition; earlier editions have been
translated into six languages, including Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish. This new edition is
updated and expanded.
The changes from the sixth edition have been guided by developments in knowledge, as
well as by the reviews and comments of teachers, students, and designers who have used
earlier editions. There are added chapters and sections, revisions to existing chapters, and
more examples and problems; dynamic analysis of structures is presented in three chapters.
Answers to all problems are given at the end of the book. Throughout the book, great atten-
tion is given to the analysis of three-dimensional spatial structures.
As an electronic companion to this edition, an expanded set of computer programs is pro-
vided to assist in teaching and learning linear and nonlinear structural analysis. The burden
of repetitive computation is removed, but in structural design, no computer can substitute
learning the subject. The source code and an executable file are provided for each program.
To ensure computability and consistency, the publisher of the seventh edition and its com-
panion programs is the same.
The book starts with a chapter on structural analysis modeling by idealizing a structure
as a beam, a plane, or a space frame, and a plane or a space truss, a plane grid, or as an
assemblage of finite elements. There are new sections on the strut-and-tie models for the
analysis of reinforced structures after cracking. There is a discussion of the suitability of
these models. Internal forces, deformations, sketching deflected shapes, and corresponding
bending moment diagrams are considered. Comparison of internal forces and deflections in
beams, arches, and trusses is presented.
The chapter on modeling is followed by a chapter on the analysis of statically determinate
structures, intended to help students better prepare. In Chapters 3 through 6, we introduce
two distinct general approaches of analysis: the force method and the displacement method.
Both methods involve the solution of linear simultaneous equations relating forces to dis-
placements. The emphasis in these four chapters is on the basic ideas in the two methods
without obscuring the procedure by the details of derivation of the coefficients needed to
form the equations. Instead, use is made of Appendices B, C, and D, which give, respec-
tively, displacements due to applied unit forces, forces corresponding to unit displacements,
and fixed-end forces in straight members due to various loadings. The consideration of the
details of the methods of displacement calculation is thus delayed to Chapters 7 through 10,
by which time the need for this material in the analysis of statically indeterminate structures
is clear. This sequence of presentation of material is particularly suitable when the reader
is already acquainted with some of the methods of calculating the deflection of beams. If,
however, it is thought preferable first to deal with methods of calculation of displacements,
Chapters 7 through 10 should be studied before Chapters 4 through 6; this will not disturb
the continuity.
xxi
xxii Preface to the Seventh Edition
The classical methods of column analogy and moment distribution, suitable for hand
calculations, continue to be useful for preliminary calculation; these are presented in
Chapter 11. To provide space for new topics needed in modern practice, the coverage of the
two methods is shorter compared to the sixth edition. The methods for obtaining the influ-
ence lines for beams, frames, grids, and trusses are combined in Chapter 12. In Chapter 13,
the effects of axial forces on the stiffness characteristics of members of framed structures
are discussed and applied in the determination of the critical buckling loads of continuous
frames.
Chapter 14 deals with the analysis of shear walls, commonly used in modem buildings.
The chapter states the simplifying assumptions usually involved. The provision of outrig-
gers is an effective means of reducing the drift and the bending moments due to lateral loads
in high-rise buildings. The analysis of outrigger-braced buildings and the location of the
outriggers for optimum effectiveness are discussed. The analysis is demonstrated in a solved
example of a 50-storey building.
The finite-difference method and, to an even larger extent, the finite-element method are
powerful tools, which involve a large amount of computation. Chapter 15 uses finite dif-
ferences in analysis of structures composed of beam elements and extends the procedure to
axisymmetrical shells of revolution. Sections of the sixth edition treating plates by finite-
difference method are removed from the 7th edition to provide space for new material.
Chapters 16 and 17 are concerned with two- and three-dimensional finite elements.
Chapters 23, 24, 16, and 17, can be used, in that order, in a graduate course on the funda-
mentals of the finite element method.
Modern design of structures is based on both the elastic and plastic analyses. The plastic
analysis cannot replace the elastic analysis but supplements it by giving useful information
about the collapse load and the mode of collapse. Chapters 18 and 19, respectively, deal
with plastic analysis of plane frames and slabs.
Structural dynamics is presented in Chapter 20. This is a study of the response of struc-
tures to dynamic loading produced by machinery, gusts of wind, blast, or earthquakes.
First, free and forced vibrations of a system with one degree of freedom are discussed.
The seventh edition expanded the treatment of multi degree-of-freedom systems, including
finite-element models. Dynamic analysis of structures subjected to earthquakes is continued
in Chapters 21 and 22 (new in the seventh edition).
Some structures, such as cable nets and fabrics, trusses, and frames with slender mem-
bers may have large deformations, so that it is necessary to consider equilibrium in the
real deformed configurations. This requires the geometric nonlinear analysis treated in
Chapter 25, in which the Newton-Raphson’ s iterative technique is employed. The same
chapter also introduces the material-nonlinearity analysis, in which the stress– strain rela-
tion of the material used in the structure is nonlinear.
Chapter 26, based on the probability theory, is practical introductory tool for the reli-
ability analysis of structures. The objective is to provide a measure for the reliability or the
probability of satisfactory performance of new or existing structures. The most important
probability aspects used in Chapter 26 are presented in Appendix M. Previous knowledge
of probability and statistics is not required.
The companion computer programs of the seventh edition include nonlinear programs.
The significance of the companion programs in teaching structural analysis justifies present-
ing their description in new Chapter 27.
The techniques of analysis, which are introduced, are illustrated by many solved examples
and a large number of problems at the ends of chapters, with answers given at the end of the
book. In this edition, with new solved examples and problems added, there are more than
160 worked examples and 430 problems with answers.
Preface to the Seventh Edition xxiii
No specific system of units is used in most of the examples the problems. However, there
are a small number of examples and problems where it was thought advantageous to use
actual dimensions of the structure and to specify the magnitude of forces. These problems
are set in Imperial or British units (still common in the United States) as well as in SI units.
The answers are provided for both versions.
Data frequently used are presented in appendices. Dynamic analysis of structures involves
solution of the eigenvalue problem. In the seventh edition, the computer program EIGEN is
developed further; its basis is added in Appendix A, and the program is frequently used in
the examples and problems for Chapters 20 through 23.
Chapters 1 through 13, 18, and 19 contain basic material which should be covered in
first courses. From the remainder of the book, a suitable choice can be made to form more
advanced courses. The contents have been selected to make the book not only suitable for
the student, but also for the practicing engineer who wishes to obtain guidance on the most
convenient methods of analysis for a variety of types of structures.
Dr. Ramez Gayed, structural consultant, has checked the new material of the seventh
edition, particularly the new sections and chapters on the response of structures to earth-
quakes. Dr. Simon Brown, principal with Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd., joined the authors
in writing the analysis of pedestrian-induced vibration of a complex structure, Glacier
Skywalk, Alberta, Canada, and the relevant material in Sections 20.9 and 20.10.
A. Ghali
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
A.M. Neville*
London, England
The following is a list of symbols which are common in the various chapters of the text;
other symbols are used in individual chapters. All symbols are defined in the text when they
first appear.
xxv
xxvi Notation
y
The SI System of Units of Measurement
Length meter m
millimeter = 10−3m mm
Area square meter m2
square millimeter = 10−6m 2 mm 2
Volume cubic meter m3
Frequency hertz = 1 cycle per second Hz
Mass kilogram kg
Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Force newton N
= a force which applied to a mass of one kilogram
gives it an acceleration of one meter per second, i.e.
1N = 1kgm/s2
Stress newton per square meter N/m 2
newton per square millimeter N/mm 2
Temperature interval degree Celsius deg C; ˚C
Nomenclature for multiplication factors
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10−3 milli m
10−6 micro μ
10−9 nano n
Length
meter (m) 1 m = 39.37 in
1 m = 3.281 ft
Area
square meter (m 2 ) 1 m 2 = 1550 in 2
1 m 2 = 10.76 ft2
Volume
cubic meter (m3 ) 1 m3 = 35.32 ft3
Moment of inertia
meter to the power four (m4 ) 1 m4 = 2403× 103 in4
Force
newton (N) 1 N = 0.2248 lb
xxvii
xxviii The SI System of Units of Measurement
Load intensity
newton per meter (N/m) 1 N/m = 0.06852 lb/ft
newton per square meter (N/m 2 ) 1 N/m 2 = 20.88× 10 –3 lb/ft2
Moment
newton meter (N-m) 1 N-m = 8.851 lb-in
1 N-m = 0.7376× 10 –3 kip-ft
1 kN-m = 8.851 kip-in
Stress
newton per square meter (pascal) 1 Pa = 145.0× 10 –6 lb/in 2
1 MPa = 0.1450 ksi
Curvature
(meter) –1 1 m –1 = 0.0254 in–1
Temperature change
degree Celsius (° C) 1° C = (9/5)° Fahrenheit
Energy and power
joule (J) = 1 N-m 1 J = 0.7376 lb-ft
watt (W) = 1 J/s 1 W = 0.7376 lb-ft/s
1 W = 3.416 Btu/h
Mass
kilogram (kg) 1 kg = 2 .205 lb/ gravitational acceleration
1 kg = 5.710× 10 –3 lb/(in./s2)
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