ALCOHOL

AND
HALIDES
HALIDES

Halogens are incorporated into molecules known as

organ halides in synthetic organic chemistry. A halide is
a binary compound of a halogen, such as a fluoride,
chloride, bromide, iodide, or an astatine complex,
consisting of one halogen atom and one element or
radical that is less electronegative than the halogen.
Halides are typically found in metal halide lamps with
high intensity discharge.
STRUCTURE OF ALKYL HALIDES

 R–X

 Where:
 R = is an alkyl which means with some amount of hydrocarbon
 X = is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
  
 Ex. H Cl H
H–C–C–C–H
H H H
2 - chloropropane
5 Uses of Halides

1. Iodine compounds - such as iodide salts are used as supplements in

medicine to treat thyroid diseases. To stop tooth decay, fluoride is added
to toothpaste
2. Photography – due to their sensitivity to light and critical role in the
capture of images, silver halides, such as silver bromide and silver
chloride, are key components of photographic film and paper.
 3.Halides are utilized as reagents in a variety of chemical processes
during chemical synthesis, while bromine compounds are used in the
manufacture of pharmaceuticals and other organic materials. Chlorine
compounds are frequently used in chlorination reactions.
 4. Electronics – some halides are employed in electronics, such as cesium
iodide in scintillation detectors for radiation detection and cadmium
telluride in solar cells for turning light into power.
 5. Brominated flame retardants – which are generated from bromine
compounds are used in a variety of materials to lessen the flammability of
goods like electronics, fabrics, and plastics.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HALIDES

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary

Primary Halides

 these have a direct link to just one other carbon atom. They’re very
reactive in substitution reactions because there’s little obstruction
around the carbon halogen bond.
 Structure:

CH3 CH2 - Br
Secondary Halides

 here , the carbon with the halogen is connected to two other carbons.
They are moderately reactive due to some hindrance around the C- X
bond.
 Structure:

CH3-CH-CH3
Br
 Tertiary Halides
 these have the carbon with the halogen attached to three additional carbons. They are less
reactive because the C – X bond is surrounded by a lot of hindrances often preferring
elimination reactions.
 Structure:

CH
|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
Br
IUPAC Naming Rules
 1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain.
 2. Number by counting forward and then backwards.
 3.Check for the functional groups’ double and triple bonds.

Add to the name the prefix and suffix.

 4. Use priority list, alphabetical order and the smallest number

 Alcohol – ol
 Carboxylic Acid – oic acid
 Aldehyde – al
 Ketone – one
 IUPAC Naming ( Alkyl Halides)

 IUPAC Naming (Alkyl Halides) – is to name the halogen as

substituents just like alkyl groups. The parent chain will be
numbered in a way we can have the lowest possible numbers for
the substituents. The difference of naming alkyl halides is the
change of the suffix to ‘’o’’.
Cl – Chloro
Br – BromoBuy
F – Flouro Halogen atoms
I – Iodo

Rules for naming Alkyl Halides:

1. Locate the parent chain.
2. Find the substituents.
3. Number the patrent chain by giving the lowest possible number for the substituents.
4. Put the parent chain and substituents together by placing the substituents to alphabetical order.
 2 – Bromo – 4 – Chloro pentane
 2, 3 – Dichloro - 3 Methyl pentane
ALCOHOL
 Background of Alcohol

Alcohols are among the most widely produced organic

chemicals in industry and are a class of organic compounds
that has at least one hydroxyl (OH) functional group bound to
a saturated carbon atom. They can be combined and altered
for use in commercial and industrial applications, and they
are used as sweeteners and in the production of perfumes.
Methyl and Ethyl alcohol, also referred to s methanol and
ethanol, are the two that are used the most frequently.
 STRUCTURE OF ALCOHOL

R – OH
 Where:

R = is an alkyl which means with some amount of hydrocarbon

OH = is a hydroxyl group and it is referred to an alcohol and it represented ROH.
 Ex.

H H
| |
H – C – C – OH
| |
H H
 Ethanol
 5 Uses of Alcohol

 1. Solvent –
Methanol is used as a solvent for inks, adhesives, resins and
dyes. Methanol is often added to ethanol to discourage
overconsumption of alcohol. It is also used as a solvent in the
pharmaceutical industry.

 2. Fuel – Methanol is used as an additive in petrol to improve

combustion. It can be used as a fuel in several internal combustion
engines. The equation for the combustion of methanol is given by-
 2CH3OH+3O2→4H2O+2CO2.
 3.Hand disinfectant – it is the most common use of alcohol we are
experiencing nowadays. Alcohols exhibit antifungal, antibacterial
properties. It is used as a disinfectant where soap and water are not
readily available.
 4. Antiseptic – Alcohol is used to sterilize medical equipment like needles
injections, surgical blades forceps, etc. Alcohol acts as an antiseptic to
clean scratches and mild wounds.
 5. Alcoholic Drinks – The word “alcohol” in alcoholic drinks refers to
ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
CLASSIFICATION OF
ALCOHOL
 Primary Alcohol ( Methyl Alcohol )

 when the carbon atom attached to the hydroxyl group is bonded to only one
carbon atom. Such type of alcohol is known as primary alcohol.
 a saturated carbon atom with three hydrogen atoms attached to it or with
just one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached is referred to
as a saturated carbon atom in a compound as a primary alcohol.
 Structure:

 CH3 – CH2 – OH
 Secondary Alcohol ( Isopropyl Alcohol )
 when it is bonded to two carbon atoms. Such type of alcohol is known as
tertiary alcohol.
 are those that have two alkyl groups on their side of the carbon atoms of
the hydroxyl group. The two alkyl groups could be structurally distinct or
possibly the same.
 Structure:

. OH
|
CH3 – C – CH3
 Tertiary Alcohol ( Ethanol Alcohol )
 when it is bonded to three carbon atoms. Such type of alcohol is known as
tertiary alcohol.
 the hydroxyl group is linked to the carbon atm in tertiary alcohols. It belongs to
the 3-alkyl group. These alcohols structural makeup essentially determines their
physical characteristics.
 Structure:

OH
|
CH3 – C – CH3
|
CH3
 IUPAC Naming ( ALCOHOL)

 Rules for naming Alcohol

 1. Identify the parent chain
 2. Identify the substituent
 3. Number the parent chain giving the OH group the lowest locant.
 4. Put everything together having the substituents in alphabetical
order
 Hexane Hexanol

The presence of the hydroxyl is identified by changing the parent

suffix from ‘’e’’ to ‘’o’’