Introduction to

Bonding
Ivy Joyce A. Buan, RCh, LPT
How chemical
bonds form?
What subatomic
particle involved
in chemical
bonding?
How is the valence electron
of elements determined by
using the periodic table?
• Octet Rule
• An octet is 8 valence electrons.
• It is associated with the stability of the noble gases
• But does not occur with He; He is stable with 2
valence electrons (duet)
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases
• Valence electrons are the outer shell
electrons of an atom. The valence
electrons are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding
 Writing Lewis Structures

1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing

what atoms are bonded to each other. Put least
electronegative element in the center.
2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for
each negative charge. Subtract 1 for each
positive charge.
3. Complete an octet for all atoms except
hydrogen
4. If structure contains too many electrons, form
double and triple bonds on central atom as
needed.
 Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).

Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center

Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms and complete
octets on N and F atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?

3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons

F N F

9.6
 Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).

Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center

Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-

2 single bonds (2x2) = 4

O C O 1 double bond = 4
8 lone pairs (8x2) = 16
Total = 24
O
9.6
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
The Incomplete Octet

Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-

B – 3e- 3 single bonds (3x2) = 6

F B F
BF3 3F – 3x7e- 9 lone pairs (9x2) = 18
24e- Total = 24
F

9.9
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd-Electron Molecules

N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-

The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)

F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F

9.9
• Chemical bond is the force that
holds the atom of element
together.
• Atoms form octets
• to become more stable
• by losing, gaining, or sharing
valence electrons
• by forming ionic or covalent
bonds
• Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that
holds ions together in an ionic compound. It
forms when there is a transfer of electrons
from one element to another element.
• In ionic compounds, metals form positive
ions or cation by a loss of their valence
electrons
• with the electron configuration of the
nearest noble gas
• that have fewer electrons than protons
 Charge Balance for NaCl, “Salt”
In NaCl,
 a Na atom loses its valence electron
 a Cl atom gains an electron
 the symbol of the metal is written first,
followed by the symbol of the nonmetal.
 Charge Balance In MgCl2
In MgCl2,
 a Mg atom loses two valence electrons
 two Cl atoms each gain one electron
 subscripts indicate the number of ions needed
to give charge balance
 Charge Balance in Na2S
In Na2S,
 two Na atoms lose one valence electron
each
 one S atom gains two electrons
 subscripts show the number of ions
needed to give charge balance
• A covalent bond is a chemical bond
in which two or more electrons are
shared by two atoms. Forms
between two nonmetal atoms from
Groups 4A (14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and
7A(17). The number of covalent
bonds can be determined from the
number of electrons needed to
complete an octet.
What are the types
of chemical
formulas?
 Types of Chemical Formulas
A chemical formula is comprised of element symbols and
numerical subscripts that show the type and number of each atom
present in the smallest unit of the substance.
An empirical formula indicates the relative number of
atoms of each element in the compound. It is the simplest
type of formula.
The empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide is HO.
A molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms
of each element in a molecule of the compound.
The molecular formula for hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
A structural formula shows the number of atoms and
the bonds between them, that is, the relative placement
and connections of atoms in the molecule.
The structural formula for hydrogen
peroxide is H-O-O-H.
Naming Ionic Compounds with
Two Elements
• To name a compound with two
elements,
• identify the cation and anion
• name the cation first, followed
by the name of the anion
Figure 2.16 Some common monatomic ions of the elements.

Can you see any patterns?

Table 2.3 Common Monoatomic Ions Common ions are in blue.
Cations Anions
Charge Formula Name Charge Formula Name
H+ hydrogen H- hydride
Li+ lithium F- fluoride

+1 Na+ sodium -1 Cl- chloride

K+ potassium Br- bromide
Cs+ cesium I- iodide
Ag+ silver

Mg2+ magnesium
O2- oxide
Ca 2+ calcium
S2- sulfide
+2 Sr2+ strontium -2
Ba2+ barium
Zn2+ zinc
Cd2+ cadmium

+3 Al3+ aluminum -3 N3- nitride

Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds with
Metals That Form a Single ion.
Step 1: Identify the cation and anion.
Step 2: Name the cation by its element name.
Step 3: Name the anion by using the first
syllable of its element name followed by –ide.
Step 4: Write the name of the cation first and
the name of the anion second.
SP 3. Write the cation, anion and the name
of the following ionic compounds.
Writing Ionic Formulas from
Charges
Charge balance is used to write the formula for
sodium nitride, a compound containing Na+ and N3−.

Na+
3 Na+ + N3− = Na3N
Na+

3(1+) + 1(3–) = 0
Formula from Ionic Charges
Write the ionic formula of the compound containing Ba2+
and Cl.
 Write the symbols of the ions.
Ba2+ Cl
 Balance the charges.
Ba2+ Cl two Cl needed Cl
 Write the ionic formula using a subscript 2 for two
chloride ions that give charge balance.
BaCl2
Learning Check
Select the correct formula for each of the following
ionic
compounds:
A. Na+ and S2–
1) NaS 2) Na2S 3) NaS2
B. Al3+ and Cl–
1) AlCl3 2) AlCl 3) Al3Cl
C. Mg2+ and N3–
1) MgN 2) Mg2N3 3) Mg3N2
Solution
A. Na+ and S2–
2) Na2S
check: 2Na+ + S2– = 2(1+) + 1(2–) = 0
B. Al3+ and Cl–
1) AlCl3
check: Al3+ + 3Cl– = (3+) + 3(1–) = 0
C. Mg2+ and N3–
3) Mg3N2
check: 3Mg2+ +2N3– = 3(2+) + 2(3–) = 0
Learning Check
Give the names of the following ions:

Ba2+ Al3+ K+
_________ __________ _________

N3 O2 F
_________ __________ _________

P3 S2 Cl

_________ __________ _________
Solution
Ba2+ Al3+ K+
barium aluminum potassium

N3 O2 F
nitride oxide fluoride

P3 S2 Cl

phosphide sulfide chloride

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
31
 Learning Check
Write the names of the following compounds:
1) CaO ___________

2) KBr ___________

3) Al2O3 ___________

4) MgCl2 ___________
Solution
Write the names of the following compounds:

1) CaO calcium oxide

2) KBr potassium bromide
3) Al2O3 aluminum oxide
4) MgCl2 magnesium chloride

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
33
 Learning Check
Write the formulas and names for compounds of the following
ions:
Br– S2− N3−

Na+

Al3+
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Solution
Br− S2− N3−

NaBr Na2S Na3N

Na+ sodium sodium sulfide sodium nitride
bromide

AlBr3 Al2S3 AlN

aluminum aluminum aluminum
bromide sulfide nitride

Al3+
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Metals with Variable Charge

• The names of transition metals

with two or more positive ions
(cations) use a Roman numeral
after the name of the metal to
identify ionic charge.
Guide to Naming Ionic Compounds
with Variable charge Metals.
• Step 1: Identify the cation and anion.
• Step 2: Name the cation by its element name, and
use a Roman numeral in parentheses for the
charge. OR use the latin name of the metal and use
the suffix –ous for the lower charge and –ic for the
higher charge.
• Step 3: Name the anion by using the first syllable of
its element name followed by –ide.
• Step 4: Write the name of the cation first and the
name of the anion second.
SP. Write name of the following
ionic compounds.

a. FeCl2
b. Cr2O3
c. Fe2S3
d. CuO
a. FeCl2 – iron(II) chloride
b. Cr2O3 - chromium(III) oxide
c. Fe2S3 – iron(III) sulfide
d. CuO – copper(II) oxide
SP . Write the formula of the
following compounds:
a. iron(III) chloride
b. copper(I) nitride
c. lead(IV) oxide
Solutions
a. iron(III) chloride- FeCl3
b. copper(I) nitride- Cu3N
c. lead(IV) oxide – PbO2
Learning Check
Select the correct name for each.
A. Fe2S3
1) iron sulfide
2) iron(II) sulfide
3) iron(III) sulfide
B. CuO
1) copper oxide
2) copper(I) oxide
3) copper(II) oxide
Solution
Select the correct name for each.
A. Fe2S3
3) iron(III) sulfide Fe3+ S2–
B. CuO
3) copper(II) oxide Cu2+ O2–
A polyatomic ion is a group of atoms
that has an overall ionic charge.
 Some Names of Polyatomic Ions
The names of common polyatomic anions
 end in ate
NO3− nitrate PO43− phosphate
 with one oxygen less end in ite
NO2− nitrite PO33− phosphite
 with hydrogen attached use prefix hydrogen (or bi)
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)
 Guide to Naming Compounds
with Polyatomic Ions
• Step 1: Identify the cation and polyatomic ion
(anion).
• Step 2: Name the cation using a Roman
numeral, if needed.
• Step 3. Name the polyatomic ion usually
ending with –ite or –ate.
• Step 4: Write the name of the compound,
cation first and the polyatomic ion second.
SP. Name the following
compound.

a.NaNO3
b.K2SO4
c.Fe(HCO3)3
d.(NH4)3PO3
Solutions
a. NaNO3 sodium nitrate
b. K2SO4 potassium sulfate
c. Fe(HCO3)3 iron(III) bicarbonate
or iron(III) hydrogen carbonate
d. (NH4)3PO3 ammonium phosphite
 Learning Check
Match each formula with the correct name:
A. MgS 1) magnesium sulfite
MgSO3 2) magnesium sulfate
MgSO4 3) magnesium sulfide

B.Ca(ClO3)2 1) calcium chlorate

CaCl2 2) calcium chlorite
Ca(ClO2)2 3) calcium chloride
 Solution
Match each formula with the correct name:
A. MgS 3) magnesium sulfide
MgSO3 1) magnesium sulfite
MgSO4 2) magnesium sulfate

B. Ca(ClO3)2 1) calcium chlorate

CaCl2 3) calcium chloride
Ca(ClO2)2 2) calcium chlorite
Learning Check
Name each of the following compounds:
A. Mg(NO3)2
B. Cu(ClO3)2
C. PbO2
D. Fe2(SO4)3
E. Ba3(PO3)2
Solution
Name each of the following compounds:
A. Mg(NO3)2 magnesium nitrate
B. Cu(ClO3)2 copper(II) chlorate
C. PbO2 lead(IV) oxide
D. Fe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfate
E. Ba3(PO3)2 barium phosphite
Writing Formulas with
Polyatomic Ions
 Learning Check
Select the correct formula for each:
A. aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3 2) Al(NO)3 3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
1) CuNO3 2) Cu(NO3)2 3) Cu2(NO3)
C. iron(III) hydroxide
1) FeOH 2) FeOH3 3) Fe(OH)3
D. tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4 2) Sn(OH)2 3) Sn4(OH)
Solution
Select the correct formula for each:
A. aluminum nitrate
3) Al(NO3)3
B. copper(II) nitrate
2) Cu(NO3)2
C. iron(III) hydroxide
3) Fe(OH)3
D. tin(IV) hydroxide
1) Sn(OH)4
 Learning Check
Write the correct formula for each:
A. potassium bromate
B. calcium carbonate
C. sodium phosphate
D. iron(III) oxide
E. iron(II) nitrite
Solution
Write the correct formula for each:
A. potassium bromate KBrO3
B. calcium carbonate CaCO3
C. sodium phosphate Na3PO4
D. iron(III) oxide Fe2O3
E. iron(II) nitrite Fe(NO2)2
Flowchart for Naming Ionic
Compounds
Learning Check
Name the following compounds:
A. Ca3(PO4)2
B. FeBr3
C. Al2S3
D. Zn(NO2)2
E. NaHCO3
Solution
Name the following compounds:
A. Ca3(PO4)2 Ca2+ PO43− calcium phosphate
B. FeBr3 Fe3+ Br− iron(III) bromide
C. Al2S3 Al3+ S2− aluminum sulfide
D. Zn(NO2)2 Zn2+ NO2− zinc nitrite
E. NaHCO3 Na+ HCO3− sodium hydrogen
carbonate or
sodium bicarbonate

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Learning Check
Write the formulas for the following:
A. calcium nitrate
B. iron(II) hydroxide
C. aluminum carbonate
D. copper(II) bromide
E. lithium phosphate
 Solution
Write the formulas for the following:
A. calcium nitrate Ca2+, NO3− Ca(NO3)2
B. iron(II) hydroxide Fe2+, OH− Fe(OH)2
C. aluminum carbonate Al3+, CO32− Al2(CO3) 3
D. copper(II) bromide Cu2+, Br− CuBr2
E. lithium phosphate Li+, PO43− Li3PO4
• A covalent bond is a chemical bond
in which two or more electrons are
shared by two atoms. Forms
between two nonmetal atoms from
Groups 4A (14), 5A(15), 6A(16), and
7A(17). The number of covalent
bonds can be determined from the
number of electrons needed to
complete an octet.
Guide to Naming Covalent
Compounds with Two
Nonmetals
• Step 1: Name the first nonmetal by
its element name.
• Step 2. Name the second nonmetal
by using the first syllable of its
element name followed by -ide.
• Step 3: Add prefixes to indicate the
number of atoms (subscripts).
 Names of Covalent Compounds
Prefixes are used
 in the names of covalent compounds
 because two nonmetals can form two or more different
compounds
Examples of compounds of N and O:
NO nitrogen oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen oxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide
Naming Covalent Compounds
Name the first nonmetal by its element name.
Name the second nonmetal with an ide ending.
Add prefixes to indicate the number (from subscripts) of
atoms of each nonmetal. Mono is usually omitted.
 Naming Covalent Compounds
What is the name of SO3?
The first nonmetal is S sulfur.
The second nonmetal is O, named oxide.
The subscript 3 of O is shown as the prefix tri.
SO3 → sulfur trioxide
The subscript 1(for S) or mono is understood.
SP. Name the following
compounds.

a.P4S3
b.SiCl4
c.P2O5
d.Cl2O7
Solutions

a. P4S3 - tetraphosphorus trisulfide

b. SiCl4 - silicon tetrachloride
c. P2O5 - diphosphorus pentoxide
d. Cl2O7 - dichlorine heptoxide
 Learning Check
Write the name of each covalent compound.
CO _____________________
CO2 _____________________
PCl3 _____________________
CCl4 _____________________
N2O _____________________
Solution
Write the name of each covalent
compound.
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
N2O dinitrogen oxide
Guide to Writing Formulas for
Covalent Compounds
•Step 1: Write the symbols
in the order of the
elements in the name.
•Step 2: Write any prefixes
as subscripts.
 Writing Formulas of Covalent
Compounds
Write the formula for carbon disulfide.
Elements are C and S
No prefix for carbon means 1 C
Prefix di = 2
Formula: CS2
 Learning Check
Write the correct formula for
each of the following:
A. phosphorus pentachloride
B. dinitrogen trioxide
C. sulfur hexafluoride
 Solution
Write the correct formula for each of the
following:
A. phosphorus pentachloride
1P penta = 5Cl PCl5
B. dinitrogen trioxide
di = 2N tri = 3 O N 2O 3
C. sulfur hexafluoride
1S hexa = 6F SF6
76
 Learning Check
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent, and
give
its correct name.
A. SO2
B. BaCl2
C. (NH4)3PO4
D. Cu2CO3
E. N2O4
Solution
Identify each compound as ionic or covalent,
and give
its correct name.
A. SO2 covalent; sulfur dioxide
B. BaCl2 ionic; barium chloride
C. (NH4)3PO3 ionic; ammonium phosphite
D. Cu2CO3 ionic; copper(I) carbonate
E. N2O4 covalent; dinitrogen tetroxide
Learning Check
Name the following compounds:
A. Ca3(PO4)2
B. FeBr3
C. SCl2
D. Cl2O
Solution
Name the following compounds:
A. Ca3(PO4)2 ionic Ca2+, PO43− calcium phosphate
B. FeBr3 ionic Fe3+, Br − iron(III) bromide
C. SCl2 covalent 1S, 2Cl sulfur dichloride
D. Cl2O covalent 2Cl, 1 O dichlorine oxide
Learning Check
Write the formulas for the following:
A. calcium nitrate
B. boron trifluoride
C. aluminum carbonate
D. dinitrogen tetroxide
E. copper(I) phosphate
 Solution
Write the formulas for the following:
A. calcium nitrate Ca2+, NO3− Ca(NO3)2
B. boron trifluoride 1B, 3F BF3
C. aluminum carbonateAl3+, CO32− Al2(CO3) 3
D. dinitrogen tetroxide 2N, 4 O N2O4
E. copper(I) phosphate Cu+, PO43− Cu3PO4