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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
Formation of Magnesium Ion, Mg2+
Magnesium achieves an octet by losing its two
valence electrons.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 8
Learning Check
A. The number of valence electrons in aluminum is
1) 1e– 2) 2e– 3) 3e–
B. To acquire an octet of electrons in aluminum requires
1) a loss of 3e– 2) a gain of 3e– 3) a gain of
5e–
C. The ionic charge of aluminum is
1) 3– 2) 5– 3) 3+
D. The symbol for the aluminum ion is
1) Al3+ 2) Al3– 3) Al+
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 9
Solution
A. The number of valence electrons in aluminum is
3) 3 e–
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
Formation of Negative Ions
In ionic compounds, nonmetals
achieve an octet arrangement
gain electrons
form negatively charged ions
with 3–, 2–, or 1– charges
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
Formation of a Chloride Ion, Cl–
Chlorine achieves an octet by adding an electron to
its valence electrons.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
Ionic Charge from Group
Numbers
The charge of a positive ion is equal to its Group
number.
Group 1A(1) = 1+
Group 2A(2) = 2+
Group 3A(3) = 3+
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
Groups Numbers for Some
Positive and Negative Ions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 18
Solution
A. The Group number for sulfur is
3) 6A(16)
B. The number of valence electrons in sulfur is
2) 6e
C. The change in electrons for octet requires a
1) gain of 2e
D. The ionic charge of sulfur is
2) 2
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
Sizes of Atoms and Their Ions
Metals
lose their valence electrons
form ions that are smaller than their atoms
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 20
Metal Ions are Smaller
In Group 1A(1), the ions are
smaller than their
corresponding atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 21
Nonmetal Ions are Larger
In Group 7A(17), the ions are
larger than their
corresponding atoms.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 22
Learning Check
Select the larger atom or ion in the following:
1. Mg or Mg2+
2. S or S2
3. Br or Br
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
Solution
Select the larger atom or ion in the following:
1. Mg or Mg2+ Mg
2. S or S2 S2
3. Br or Br Br
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 24