PHYSICAL

QUANTITIES AND
MEASUREMENT
Quantity and Unit
Quantity is something that can be measured, calculated
and can be expressed in numbers.

Unit is a measure or comparison of a quantity

Quiz
• On the way from home to school, Evan observes that the
speedometer of the bus he is traveling on reads 40 km/h. The physical
quantities measured by Evan is….

a. Long
b. speedometer
c. Km/h
d. speed
e. distance
Quiz
• On the way from home to school, Evan observed that the
speedometer of the bus he was traveling on showed 40 km/hour.
From the statement which is the unit is ...

a. Long
b. speedometer
c. Km/h
d. speed
e. distance
Non-standard unit
• Nonstandard units are units that if used by different people will give
different measurement results.

• Example :
• inch (jengkal)
• Fathoms (depa)
• Cubit (hasta)
 Quiz
Take a look at the following statements!
• 1. Will produce the same value even if measured by different people
• 2. Does not change easily according to the circumstances
• 3. Easy to replicate
• 4. Will produce different values if measured by different people
• The statement that corresponds to non-standard units is ...

• A. 1 2 and 3
• B. 1 and 3
• C. 2 and 3
• D. 4 only
• E. all correct
Standard unit
Units that have been standardized/determined
/ agreed upon as a unit in the measurement of
a quantity.
 Quiz
• A measures the length of a table and gets a result of 1 m. 3 days later B
measured the same table and obtained a result of 1 m. A month later C
measured the same table and obtained a length of 1 m. From this case the
unit system used is ....

a. Non-standard units
b. Standard unit
c. Scalar unit
d. Vector unit
e. Unit tensor
SI Unit
• International units or SI is a unit that is recognized internationally and
has a standardized standard.

CGS System
Centimeter, Gram, Second
MKS System
Meter, Kilogram,Second
Example SI unit
quantity unit
Length Meter (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Electric current Ampere (A)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Light intensity Candela (cd)
Amount of substance mole
Angle of space steradian
Flat angle radian
Charge Coulomb (C)
Force Newton (N)
Pressure Pascal (Pa)
Power Watt (W)
Energy Joule (J)
 Quiz
Consider some of the following statements!
1. Units must be 'universal’
2. Units must have a fixed value
3. Units must be easily replicable
4. Units must be easily changeable
The conditions that must be met by a unit in order for it to be used as a unit of the
international system are shown in the number….
a. 1,2 and 3
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 4
d. 4 only
e. All correct
International Unit Prefix
Prefix < 1 Symbol Division 10n
Piko p 10-12
Nano n 10-9
Mikro μ 10-6
Mili m 10-3
Centi c 10-2
Desi d 10-1

Prefix > 1 Symbol Division 10n

deka da 101
hekto h 102
kilo K 103
mega M 106
Giga G 109
tera T 1012
 Quiz
• Take a look at the following unit prefixes!
1. centi-
2. milli-
3. pico-
4. nano-
5. micro-
6. deci-
• The order of a unit's prefixes from smallest to largest in order, i.e.
• a. 3-4-5-2-1-6
• b. 3-5-1-2-4-6
• c. 3-4-5-1-2-6
• d. 6-1-2-5-4-3
• e. 6-1-4-5-2-3
 Quiz
• Take a look at the following unit prefixes!
1. kilo-
2. mega-
3. Tera-
4. Hekto-
5. Deka-
6. Giga-
• The order of a unit's prefixes from smallest to largest in order, i.e.
• a. 3-6-1-4-2-5
• b. 3-6-4-1-2-5
• c. 3-6-2-1-4-5
• d. 5-1-2-6-4-3
• e. 5-4-1-2-6-3
 Base Quantity

Base Quantity are quantities whose

units have been determined
beforehand and do not depend on
other quantities.
Luminous Intensity Time
Candela sekon
(Cd) (s)
Electric
Amount of
substance Base current
Mol (A)
(mol)
Quantity
Temperat
Length Mass ure
Meter Kilogram Kelvin
(m) (kg) (Ɵ)
Quiz
Consider the following quantities
1. Amount of substance
2. Time
3. Temperature
4. Charge
Among the above quantities that include the principal quantities are..

a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 4
d. 4 only
e. all correct
Quiz
Second, kilogram, and meter are units for ….

a. length, mass and time

b. length, weight and time
c. time, weight, and length
d. time, length, and mass
e. time, mass, and length
 Quiz
• A child measures the height of a building with the help of Phytagoras and
manages to get a height of 13600 cm, if the child wants to write the height
in SI form then it becomes….

• a. 0.136 km
• b. 1.36 hm
• c. 13.6 dam
• d. 136 m
• e. 1360 dm
 General Derived Quantities
Derived quantities are those whose definitions are based
on other physical quantities (base quantities).

Area Volume Velocity

Length x width displacement /

Length x width
x height time

m2 m3 m/s
Acceleration Force Work Momentum

Change of
Mass x Force x Mass x
velocity /
Accleration displacement velocity
Time

m/s2 Kg.m/s2 Kg.m2 /s2 Kg.m/s

 Quiz
• One example of a derived quantity is velocity. Velocity itself is expressed as
the distance traveled by an object each time. The correct unit to express
speed is ..

• a. m.s
• b. m/s
• c. m.s2
• d. m/s2
• e. m2.s2
Quiz
• The groups of quantities below that are derived quantities are….

• a. length, time, power and mass

• b. Area, amount of substance and electric current strength
• c. amount of matter, electric current strength and mass
• d. weight, pressure and force
• e. electric current, voltage and speed
FORCE
What is a Force ?
A pull or push that causes motion and shape
change.
In physics
Force = mass x acceleration
F= m.a
Unit of Force = kg x m/s2 = Newton
Or in the cgs
Unit of force = g x cm/s2= dyne
 Quiz
• 1. A force of 1 N is equivalent to… • 2. given 1 N= 1 kg m/s2 and 1 dyne = 1g
cm/s2. so I N= ……..dyne

• A. 100.000
• B. 100
• C. 1
• D. 0.01
• E. 0.00001
PRESSURE
• PRESSURE is The force acting on a plane per unit area of the plane.
• Formula

• P= Pressure ( Pascal = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/ms2)

• F= Force (N= kg m/s2)
• A= Area (m2)
• 1 bar = 105 pa
 Quiz
• Pressure is the force acting on a plane per unit area of touch. Based
on this definition the correct unit for pressure is...
 Quiz
below is a group of units that expresses pressure is ....

a. Pascal, cmHg, bar, atm

b. Pascal, newton, bar, atm
c. Pascal, joule, atm, horsepower
d. Joule, kandela, newton
e. Joule, newton, horsepower
 Amount of substance
[N]
Dimensions
Louminous Intensity Dimensions are a way of writing
[J] quantities using symbols of basic
Time [T] quantities
Current [I]
Temperature [Ɵ]

Mass [M]
Length [L]
 Function of dimensions
To determine the units of a derived quantity by
means of dimensional analysis.
To show the equality of some quantities that at first
glance seem different.
Example
1. Write down the units of the gravitational constant (G)
for two objects that are attracted to each other ?
Answer:
Example
2. In the context of dimensions, prove that the quantity
Work (W) has certain similarities with Potential Energy
(Ep)!

Answer:
 Significant Figures
Significant figures are all figures obtained from the
measurement results which consist of exact figures and
estimated figures.
123,5 6

Exact Figure Estimated Figure

Rules to identify significant figures in a number

All non-zero numbers are significant figures

Example : 123,7 consist of 4 significant figures

Zeros between two non-zero numbers are significant

figures
Example : 2,009 consist of 4 significant figures
Zeros located to the left of non-zero numbers,
both left and right of the decimal point are not
significant
Example : 0,05 consist of 1 significant figures

numbers in scientific notation are significant

figures
Example : 2,56 x 102 consist of 3 significant
figures
Addition and subtraction operations on
significant figures
• 1. When adding numbers that have decimals, the number of
significant figures in the subtraction and addition results is
determined by the least number of digits behind the comma.

• Example :
1. 1,56 m + 1,1 mm = 1,56 m
2. 120,154 m + 3,25 cm + 4,51 mm=………….m
2. In addition and subtraction of significant figures can only contain one
estimated number.

Example :
1. 468,39 m – 412 m =……………………….m
Multiplication and Division
• 1. The number of significant figures in the result of multiplication and
division is equal to the number of significant figures of the number
that has the fewest significant figures.

• Example :
• 1. 53,24 x 5,52 = ………
• 2. The result of multiplication or division between significant number
with an exact number can only have as many significant figures as the
as many significant figures as the significant number.

• Example :
• 1. 25 x 3,95 = ………
Example
3. A book has a size of 5.4 cm x 8.25 cm. Calculate the
area of ​the book using the rule of significant figures!
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
a x 10n

Where
1 a 10
Example :
1. 0,00000000000000000016 = ……………….
Measuring Objects with Ruler
Measurement of objects with a
caliper
Measurement of Objects with a screw micrometer
 Error

Random Error System Error

Error of calibration
Error of zero point
Paralaks error
Component Error
 Uncertainty in Measurement
Single Measurement
Single Measurement is of the tool used.

Example
The length of the book has been measured with a ruler and the
measurement results are 7.5 cm.
The uncertainty is ½ x 0.1 cm = 0.05 cm
So the measurement result can be written as:

(7,50 ± 0.05) cm
Repeated Measurement
Uncertainty in repeated measurements can be obtained
using the formula::

√
𝟏 𝐍 ∑ 𝐱 − ( ∑ 𝐱 𝐢)
𝟐 𝟐
𝐢
𝐒 𝐱=
√𝐍 𝐍− 𝟏
Xi = data to i
N = number of data
 Measurement Aspects
Accuracy
Value close to truth
Precision
Expressing the same value on repeated
measurement

Accuracy Precision
Accuracy

Precision
Absolute uncertainty (Δx)
Example
An electric current measurement was performed 6 times
resulting in a reading of 12.8 mA; 12.2 mA; 12.5 mA;
13.1 mA; 12.9 mA; and 12.4 mA. Report the results of
this measurement complete with the uncertainty
Answer:
𝑵 =𝟔

∑ 𝑰 𝒊𝟐=𝟕𝟓,𝟗
Data calculated
N I I2

∑∑ 𝒊
1 12,8 163,84
2
3
12,2
12,5
148,84
156,25
𝑰 =𝟗𝟔𝟎,𝟕𝟏
4 13,1 171,61 𝑰 𝒊 𝟕𝟓 ,𝟗
𝑰= = =𝟏𝟐 ,𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝑨
5 12,9 166,41 𝑵 𝟔
6 12,4 153,76
 √
𝟏 𝑵 ∑ 𝑰 𝒊 − (∑ 𝑰 𝒊 )
𝟐 𝟐

Answer: ∆ 𝑰 =𝑺𝒊 =
√𝑵 𝑵 −𝟏

√
Data Calculated 𝟐
𝟏 𝟔 ( 𝟗𝟔𝟎 ,𝟕𝟏 ) − ( 𝟕𝟓,𝟗 )
¿ =𝟎,𝟑𝟒
N I I2 √𝟔 𝟓
1 12,8 163,84
2 12,2 148,84
3 12,5 156,25
4 13,1 171,61
5 12,9 166,41 𝑰= 𝑰 ± ∆ 𝑰
6 12,4 153,76 ¿ ( 𝟏𝟐, 𝟕 ±𝟎 , 𝟑 𝟒 ) 𝒎𝑨
¿ ( 𝟏𝟐, 𝟕 ±𝟎 , 𝟑 ) 𝒎𝑨
 Project
• Make a group of 2 to 3 people each. find an article on the internet about the
consequences of changing measurements, physical quantities, or using the
wrong measuring instruments that occur in a place or country in the world.
then discuss with your friends why this case occurred and explain what
should be done based on the review of the discussion that you have just
learned in this chapter.