1.2 Substation Components, Functions & Ratings

Substation Equipment Components, Function and
Ratings
TOPICS
1. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS
2. FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT
3. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND PICTURE
4. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT RATING CALCULATIONS
Substation Erection, Construction, Operation Maintenance & Testing and Commissioning Training © CHMC, 2023
1. Substation Equipment
The substation equipments components are
 Circuit breakers;
 Isolators or disconnectors;
 Power transformers;
 Lightning arresters;
 Bus bars (rigid or flexible);
 Earthing transformers;
 Auxiliary transformers;
 Instrument transformers;
 Compensation equipment (Shunt rectors, capacitor
banks);
 Earthing and Lightning Protection systems;
 Substation protection and control;
 SCADA and Communication Equipment;
1. Substation Equipment, cont.
The substation equipments components are
 Indoor and outdoor lighting system;

 Line protection;
 Sychronizer;
 Busbar protection;
 Transformer protection;
 Breaker failure protection;
 Protection for compensation equipment;
 MV system protection
 AC and DC systems (UPS Distribution boards, battery
and battery chargers;
2. Functions of Substation Equipment
Equipment Function
1 - Busbar Incoming & Outgoing circuit connected to busbar
2 - Circuit Breaker Automatic switching during normal or abnormal conditions

Disconnection under no-load condition for safety isolation
3 - Isolators and maintenance
4 - Earthing switch To discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth
5 - Current Transformer To step-down currents for measurement, control & protection
6 - Voltage Transformer To step-down voltages for measurement, control & protection

To discharge Lightning over voltages and switching
7 - Lightning Arrester overvoltages
To step-up or step-down the voltage and transfer power from

8 - Power Transformer one ac voltage to another ac voltage at the same frequency
9 - Neutral Grounding to limit earth fault current
3. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND
PICTURE
3.1 Circuit Breaker
a) Type of circuit breakers
- Bulk oil
- Mini oil
- Air blast
- Vacuum
- SF6
b) Introduction to SF6
3.2 Disconnector
c) Type of disconnectors
- Vertical break
- Centre break
- Double side break
- Pantograph
- Earthing disconnector
3.1 CIRCUIT-BREAKER
Standards/Codes
ANSI/IEEE C37-04/06
AC High Voltage
Circuit-Breaker Rated
on a Symmetrical
Current Basis
IEC 62271-100 High

Voltage Alternating-
Current Circuit-
Breaker
3.1 CIRCUIT-BREAKER, cont
Single-Pole SF6 Circuit-Breaker
1) Interrupter unit
2) Post insulator
3) Pillar
4) Control cabinet
5) Drive housing
3-Pole SF6 Circuit-Breaker
1) Interrupter unit
2) Post insulator
3) Pillar
4) Control cabinet
5) Drive housing
3.2 DISCONNECTOR
Isolators or Disconnector
• Essentially off load devices
• Capable of dealing with small charging currents of bus
bars and connections
• Its design is closely related to the design of
substations
• Isolator design is considered in the following aspects:
 Space Factor
 Insulation Security
 Standardisation
 Ease of Maintenance and Cost
Standards/Codes
ANSI/IEEE C37-30 Standard Requirement for High Voltage
Switches
IEC 62271-102 High Voltage Alternating-Current
Disconnector and Earth Switches
3.2 DISCONNECTOR, cont
Center Break Double side Break
Vertical Break Disconnector
- Usually horizontally mounted

- Can be vertically mounted or
inverted mounted (medium
voltage)
- Open and close with the
rotation of the left-most
insulator.
- Standard lateral phase-to-
phase spacing.
- Vertical clearance required
to accommodate fully open
disconnector blade.
Semi Pantograph Pantograph
3. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND
PICTURE, cont.
3.3 Instrument and earthing transformers
a) Potential transformer
- Main characteristics
- Type of Potential transformers
b) Current transformer
- Type of current transformers
c) Earthing transformer
3. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND PICTURE, cont.
CurrentTransformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer
3.3 Voltage Transformer
Electromagnetic Voltage
Transformers, generally referred
to as Potential Transformers
(PT), and Capacitor Voltage
Transformers (CVT) are used for
protection and metering.
The secondary windings are rated
for 110 or 100 / √3 Volts
• Isolate meters and relays from
high voltage
• Can be connected phase-to-
ground (grounded wye
connection) or phase-to-phase
(open delta)
• Secondary voltage between 100
to 120 V phase-to-phase with
one or two windings
3.3 Current Transformer
• Used on high voltage line or

substation for metering and
protection;
• Isolate meters and relays from
high voltage;
• Have a high level of accuracy
(in revenue metering,
excitation current shall be
extremely low);
• Secondary current 1 A or 5 A;
• Power usually between 15 to
200 VA
The side marked P1 must point towards the

generator, and P2 must point towards the load.
3.4 Surge arrester

Purpose
Surge arresters are used to
limit the overvoltage in
power system, lower than the
insulation levels of
equipment like transformers
or shunt reactors.
Standards/Codes
CEI/IEC 60099
3.5 Transformer
Transformer is a static electric
machine which changes the level
of voltage and current in the
circuit without changing the
power and supply frequency.
Rating of a Three Phase

Transformer:
S = √3 x V x I
Standards/Codes
CEI/IEC 60076.1 Power
Transformers–General
CEI/IEC 60076.6 Reactors
Transformer and Shunt Reactor Accessories
a) Dehydrating breather
b) Gas relay (Bucholz)
c) Oil level indicator
d) Pressure relief device
e) Oil temperature indicator
f) Winding temperature indicator
g) Control cabinet
h) Radiators
i) Tap changer
Difference between Autotransformer and Conventional Transformer

Characteristics Conventional Transformer Autotransformer

A transformer consisting of three pairs
A transformer with a single electric
of winding used to transform a set of
Construction winding, which can be used as a step-
three-phase voltages from one voltage down or step-up device.
level to another.
Primary and secondary windings are Primary and secondary windings are
Insulation
insulated electrically. not insulated electrically.
Representation
Induction Self-induction as there is only ONE

Uses mutual induction
Principle winding
Difference between Autotransformer and Conventional Transformer

Large in size because of Small as there is only
Size separate (multiple) ONE winding
windings
Material for These type of transformers They require less
winding utilize more material in material for winding
terms of winding
Efficiency is less due to
Efficiency more copper loss in the two More efficiency
windings.
Cost for same More costly Less costly
VA rating
Two-winding transformer has Autotransformer works

Losses more losses. on the principle of
self-inductance.
Cooling Systems
-ONAN: oil natural, air natural

Radiators bolted to oil collectors on
the tank
-ONAF: oil natural, air forced
Combination of radiators with a number
of air fans
Up to two cooling stages
ONAN = 0,6xMVA
ONAF I = 0,8xMVA
ONAF II = MVA
-OFAF: oil forced, air forced.

Pump system to circulate the
oil in the tank and the heat
exchangers.
3.6 Earthing transformer

• Used when the neutral of a
source is not accessible
(delta winding)
• Can be a wye-delta
transformer with a resistor
• Can be built with a zig zag

winding
4.1 HV switchgear ratings

cont.

cont.
4.1 HV switchgear ratings cont.
cont.
4.2 HV Circuit Breaker rating
cont.
4.2 HV Circuit Breaker ratings
cont.
4.2 HV Circuit Breaker ratings cont.
4.3 HV Disconnector rating
cont.
cont.
4.4 Current Transformers rating
Ratings
cont.
cont.
cont.
cont.
cont.
4.4 Current Transformers rating cont.
4.4 Current Transformers rating cont.
4.5 HV Capacitive Voltage Transformer rating
Capacitive voltage transformers are

used to convert High transmission
line voltage to standardized low and
easily measurable values for
metering, protection and control.
cont.
cont.
cont.
4.6 Lightning Arrester rating
4.6 Lightning Arrester rating
Arrester Selection and Application
Primary objective: select the lowest rated surge

arrester to provide adequate protection of the equipment
insulation and be rated to have a satisfactory service
life when connected to the power system.
Basic consideration for the selection for appropriate
surge arrester:
a) Type and class of arrester

b) System configuration (grounded or ungrounded)
c) Continuous system operating voltage (ANSI)
d) Arrester rated voltage
e) Temporary overvoltage of the system
f) Switching surge energy produced by the system
4.6 Lightning Arrester rating cont.
Procedure for Selection of Surge Arrester

System rated voltage: 132 kV
System maximum voltage: 145 kV
System earthing: effective
Earth fault factor: 1,4
Maximum duration of overvoltage: 1s.
Step no 1
Find the highest temporary overvoltage

Maximum voltage the arrester shall sustain for 1 second
UTOV = 145 x 1.4 = 117 kV

√3
4.6 Lightning Arrester rating, cont
Step no 2
Find the arrester rated voltage
According to the graphic of the TOV strength factor

versus the time; for 1 second we will obtain a factor of
1.19 p.u. of the rated voltage.
Ur = 117 = 98,3 kV
1.19
The next higher standard Ur is 108 kV per Exlim Q table.
Step no 3
Find the protection level

This is deduced from the appearing voltage across the
arrester when the highest current surge is discharge
through the arrester.
According to Exlim Q table, the maximum discharge

voltage is 259.2 kV for a lightning impulse 8/20μs 10
kA and 208,7 kV for a switching surge.
Discharge voltage increases for very steep fronts and
distance effect.
5. Trainers Example
1. List five major substation Eqipment and their

functions.
2. Please calculate 132 and 33kV side current

transformers primary current ratings for 132/33kV,
50MVA transformer.
3. Please specify 132kV Capacitive voltage transformer
voltage ratings.
5. Trainers Example
Capacitive Voltage Transformers, 230/√3:0.1/√3:0.1/√3 :0.1/√3kV
230 kV, Current transformers, 400-800-1600/1/1/1/1/1/1 A, 6 cores;
5. Trainers Example
1. List five major substation Equipment and their

functions.
2. Please calculate 132 and 33kV side current

transformers primary current ratings for 132/33kV,
50MVA transformer.
3. Please specify 132kV Capacitive voltage transformer

voltage ratings.

1.2 Substation Components, Functions &amp; Ratings

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1.2 Substation Components, Functions &amp; Ratings

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Substation Equipment Components, Function and

1. SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS

2. FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT

3. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT TYPES AND PICTURE

4. MAJOR SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT RATING CALCULATIONS

The substation equipments components are

The substation equipments components are

 Indoor and outdoor lighting system;

1 - Busbar Incoming & Outgoing circuit connected to busbar

2 - Circuit Breaker Automatic switching during normal or abnormal conditions

4 - Earthing switch To discharge the voltage on dead lines to earth

5 - Current Transformer To step-down currents for measurement, control & protection

6 - Voltage Transformer To step-down voltages for measurement, control & protection

To step-up or step-down the voltage and transfer power from

9 - Neutral Grounding to limit earth fault current

IEC 62271-100 High

Single-Pole SF6 Circuit-Breaker

3-Pole SF6 Circuit-Breaker

3.2 DISCONNECTOR, cont

Center Break Double side Break

Vertical Break Disconnector

- Usually horizontally mounted

Semi Pantograph Pantograph

3.3 Instrument and earthing transformers

CurrentTransformer Capacitive Voltage Transformer

3.3 Current Transformer

• Used on high voltage line or

The side marked P1 must point towards the

3.4 Surge arrester

Rating of a Three Phase

Transformer and Shunt Reactor Accessories

Difference between Autotransformer and Conventional Transformer

Induction Self-induction as there is only ONE

Difference between Autotransformer and Conventional Transformer

Two-winding transformer has Autotransformer works

-ONAN: oil natural, air natural

-OFAF: oil forced, air forced.

3.6 Earthing transformer

• Can be built with a zig zag

4.1 HV switchgear ratings

4.1 HV switchgear ratings

4.1 HV switchgear ratings

4.1 HV switchgear ratings

4.2 HV Circuit Breaker ratings cont.

Capacitive voltage transformers are

Arrester Selection and Application

Primary objective: select the lowest rated surge

a) Type and class of arrester

Procedure for Selection of Surge Arrester

Find the highest temporary overvoltage

UTOV = 145 x 1.4 = 117 kV

Find the arrester rated voltage

According to the graphic of the TOV strength factor

4.6 Lightning Arrester rating cont.

Find the protection level

According to Exlim Q table, the maximum discharge

1. List five major substation Eqipment and their

2. Please calculate 132 and 33kV side current

230 kV, Current transformers, 400-800-1600/1/1/1/1/1/1 A, 6 cores;

1. List five major substation Equipment and their

2. Please calculate 132 and 33kV side current

3. Please specify 132kV Capacitive voltage transformer

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1.2 Substation Components, Functions & Ratings

1.2 Substation Components, Functions & Ratings