P&C lectureTSG Final1699416517

Protection & Control: Current Practices
and Way Forward
Amir Razaq, DM(P&C)

For Queries: amir.razaq@ntdc.com.pk
0335-7402581
Brief Introduction
Amir Razaq
Dy. Manager (P&C)
Qualification:
• B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (UET, Lahore)
• M.Sc. Engineering Management (UET, Lahore)
• MBA (Finance), IBA, University of the Punjab
Experience:
• 12 years experience in Protection & Control
• Represented P&C Department in Grid Code revision, Pakistan’s
first ever Kotlakhpat SVC, Lahore-Matiari HVDC
Transmission Line and Stability Control System (SCS) Projects
Outline
• Basics
• Transformer Protection
• Transmission Line Protecion
• Bus Differential Protection
• Breaker Failure Protection
• Shunt Reactor Protection
• Cross-trip Schemes
• Way Forward and Future Trends
3
Basics
What is System Protection?
System protection is the art and science of detecting problems

with power system components and isolating these components.
Problems on the power system include:

• Short circuits
• Abnormal conditions
• Equipment failures
4
Basics
Purpose of System Protection
• Improve system stability
• Minimize damage to equipment
• Protect against overloads
• Protect the public
5
Basics
What Components (Equipment) Do We Protect?
• Transformers, Reactors
• Transmission Lines
• Buses
• Switchgears
• Capacitor banks
6
Basics
What Components (Equipment) Do We Protect?
Substation
Consumers
750kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV
Primary
Consumers
Secondary
220kV or 132kV Consumers
7
Basics
Typical Bulk Power System
Generation-typically at 4-20kV
Transmission-typically at 220-765kV
Receives power from transmission system and

transforms into subtransmission level
Subtransmission-typically at 66-132kV
Receives power from subtransmission system and

transforms into primary feeder voltage
Distribution network-typically 11-66kV
Low voltage (service)-typically 220-400V

8
Basics
Tripping Philosophy
9
Basics
Desirable Protection Attributes
• Reliability: System operate properly

– Security: Don’t trip when you shouldn’t
– Dependability: Trip when you should
• Selectivity: Trip the minimal amount to clear the fault or
abnormal operating condition
• Speed: Usually the faster the better in terms of minimizing
equipment damage and maintaining system integrity
• Simplicity: Keep it simple
• Economics: Don’t break the bank
10
Basics
Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units

2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
5. Utilization equipment (motors, static loads, etc.)
6. Capacitor or reactor (when separately protected)
Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone
Unit Generator-Tx zone Line zone
Transformer zone Motor zone
Transformer zone
~
Generator XFMR Bus Line Bus XFMR Bus Motor
11
Basics
How Overlapping Is Achieved
1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source

for protective relays.
2. In some cases a fault might involve a CT or a circuit breaker
itself, which means it can not be cleared until adjacent breakers
(local or remote) are opened.
Relay Zone A Relay Zone A
Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B
CTs are located at both sides of CB-fault CTs are located at one side of CB-fault
between CTs is cleared from both remote sides between CTs is sensed by both relays, remote right
side operate only.
12
Basics
C37.2:
Device
Numbers
• Partial listing
13
Basics
One Line Diagram
• Non-dimensioned diagram showing how pieces of electrical

equipment are connected
• Simplification of actual system
• Equipment is shown as boxes, circles and other simple graphic
symbols
• Symbols should follow ANSI or IEC conventions
Single Line Diagram AutoCad_RYK.pdf
14
Basics
Fault Types (Shunt)
15
Basics
Series Faults
16
Basics
Study of a Fault
17
Basics
AC & DC Current Components of Fault Current
19
Basics
Info is Required to Apply Protection
1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved

2. Impedances and connections of power equipment, system frequency, voltage
level and phase sequence
3. Existing schemes
4. Operating procedures and practices affecting protection
5. Importance of protection required and maximum allowed clearance times
6. System fault studies
7. Maximum load and system swing limits
8. CTs and VTs locations, connections and ratios
9. Future expansion expectance
10. Any special considerations for application 21
Transformer Protection
Substation
Consumers
765kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV
Primary
Consumers
Secondary
22
Power transformers are expensive, and are a long lead-
time item (1 year or longer) so protection must be effective
23
Construction
24
Construction
25
What can go wrong?
• Winding-to-winding faults
• Winding-to-ground faults
• Bushing faults
26
Transformer Damage Curve
27
28
Protection Methods
1. Fuse Protection
2. Overcurrent Protection
3. Differential Protection
4. Restricted Earth Fault Protection
5. Mechanical Protections
29
1. Fuse Protection
High Side Fuse
30
Overcurrent Relays
31
• Uses current to determine magnitude of fault

• Simple
• May employ definite time or inverse time curves
• Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
• Inexpensive
• May use various polarizing voltages or ground current for
directionality
• Communication aided schemes make more selectivity
32
Instantaneous OC (IOC) & Definite Time OC
(50, 50N, 50G)
• Relay closest to fault operates first

• Relays closer to source operate slower
• Time between operating for same
current is called CTI (Clearing Time
Interval)
33
Time Overcurrent Protection (51, 51N, 51G)
Multiples of pick-up
34
Time OC (TOC) Coordination
• Relay closest to fault operates first

• Relays closer to source operate
t slower
• Time between operating for same
current is called CTI
CTI
Distribution 35
Substation
Time OC (TOC) Coordination
36
• current in = current out

• Simple
• Very fast
• Very defined clearing area
• Expensive
37
1 pu
• Note CT polarity dots IP
CT-X CT-Y IP
• This is a through-
IS IS
current representation
• Perfect waveforms, no
saturation Relay
IR-X IR-Y
+1
1 + (-1) = 0
Current, pu
-1
DIFF CURRENT
38
2 pu 2 pu
• Note CT polarity dots IP CT-X

Fault
CT-Y IP
• This is an internal fault X

IS IS
representation
• Perfect waveforms, no Relay
saturation IR-X IR-Y
+2
Current, pu 2 + (+2) = 4
-2
39
DIFF CURRENT
Through Fault 40
Zone of
Protection
41
Zone of
Protection
42
Some terms relating to differential protection:
• Restraining current
• Slopes (k1, k2)
• Inrush
• 2nd Harmonic
43
44
45
46
47
5. Mechanical Protections
• Pressure Relief Device (PRD)
• Main Buchholz Relay
• Tap Changer Buchholz Relay
• Temperature Gauges
48
Transmission Line Protection
Substation
Consumers
765kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV
Primary
Consumers
Secondary
49
What Can Go Wrong?
FAULTS (Short Circuits)

Some causes of faults:
• Trees
• Lightning
• Animals (birds, squirrels, snakes)
• Weather (wind, snow, ice)
• Natural Disasters (earthquakes,
floods)
• Faulty equipment (switches,
insulators, clamps, etc.) 50
Faults
“Faults come uninvited and seldom go away voluntarily.”
Fault Types:
• Single line-to-ground
• Line-to-line
• Three Phase
• Line-to-line-to-ground
51
Types of T/Line Protections
Over Current & Earth Fault Protection Relays

Non-Directional Over Current & Earth Fault Protection Relays
Directional Over Current & Earth Fault Protection Relays
Distance Protection Relays
Line Differential Protection Relays
Under Voltage / Over Voltage Protection Relays
52
Non-Directional Overcurrent Protection
• Non-Directional
• Relay responds to overcurrent condition
• Instantaneous (IOC) device #50
• Time Overcurrent (TOC) device #51
• Various curve types, including inverse, very inverse,
extremely inverse
53
54
55
E
D
C
56
57
Non-Directional Relay
Non-Directional Relay
58
Directional Overcurrent Protection
• Relay responds to overcurrent condition in the forward

direction only (device #67, 67N)
• Will not respond to reverse faults Compares the current in

the line versus a known reference that will always be the
same (such as a voltage or polarizing current source)
59
Directional Overcurrent Protection
60
Distance Protection
• A distance relay measures the impedance of a line using the voltage

applied to the relay and the current applied to the relay.
• When a fault occurs on a line, the current rises significantly and the
voltage collapses significantly.
• The distance relay (also known as impedance relay) determines the

impedance by Z = V/I. If the impedance is within the reach setting of the
relay, it will operate.
• Impedance based fault detection
• Reactance based fault detection 61

Distance Protection
Bi-Quantity Relay;
Directional Relay;
Requires Voltage &
Detects Direction on
Current Input from VT
base of CT Star Point.
& PT respectively
Fault Locator works on Can also act as

Reactance Based Backup protection for
Feature i.e. remote end T/Line &
X ∝ L (Length) Equipment
62
Distance Protection
When a fault occurs on a

transmission line, the current
increases and the angle of
the current with respect to
the voltage changes to a
lagging angle, usually
between 60 to 85 degrees.
63
Distance Protection
• Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of fault

• Set on impedance [R-X] plane
• Impedance related to distance from relay
• Complicated
• Fast
• Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable accuracy
• Expensive
• Communication aided schemes make more selective
64
Distance Protection
Mho X-tics
65
Distance Protection
Quad X-tics
66
Distance Protection
67
Distance Protection
• Relay in Zone 1 operates first

• Time between Zones is called CTI
Impedance = R+jX 68
X ZL
Distance Protection
• Relay in Zone 1 operates first

• Time between Zones is called CTI R
T2 XB
XA
T1
21 21
A B
Source
69
Distance Protection
Effect of fault/arc resistance

70
Distance Protection
Load Encroachment
71
Distance Protection
Power Swing
72
Distance Protection
Stable/Unstable Power Swing

73
Distance Protection
Power Swing Measurement

74
Pilot / Tele-protection Schemes
• A protection scheme which employs communications to

send a signal from one station to another to allow high
speed tripping (permission) or to prevent high speed
tripping (blocking).
• Pilot protection allows over-reaching zones of protection

to ensure full protection of the line as well as high speed
tripping.
75
• DIRECT TRANSFER TRIP (DTT)
• PERMISSIVE (POTT, PUTT)
• BLOCKING
76
Direct transfer trip (DTT)
Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) • Over Voltage Protection

• Breaker Failure Stage II of Line Controlling CBs
Fault Detection at One End Send the Tripping Signal to the remote end over
the PLC / OPGW Link
On the receiving end, on receipt of Trip Signal from remote end, tripping
command is issued to both controlling CBs of T/Line.
Least Secure Type of Transfer Trip Scheme.
77
Permissive over-reaching transfer trip (POTT)
Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip (POTT) Preferred on Short T/Lines.

Fault is detected in Zone II (Over Reaching Zone) of Distance Relay at One
End of T/Line & Transfer Trip Signal is sent to the remote end.
On the receiving end, on receipt of Signal from remote end, receive signal is
ANDed with Zone II Pickup. Moreover, Zone II Pickup also re-transmits the
trip signal to remote end.
If the above condition is satisfied, trip command is issued to both line
controlling CBs instantaneously.
Thus for all Faults anywhere on T/Lines, both ends clears the faults
instantaneously.
78
Permissive over-reaching transfer trip (POTT)
• POTT will trip only faulted line section

• RO elements are 21; 21G or 67N
79
Permissive under-reaching transfer trip (PUTT)
Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT) Preferred on Long T/Lines.

Fault is detected in Zone I (Under Reaching Zone) of Distance Relay at One End
of T/Line & Transfer Trip Signal is sent to the remote end.
On the receiving end, on receipt of Signal from remote end, receive signal is
ANDed with Zone 2 Pickup.
If the above condition is satisfied, trip command is issued to both line
controlling CBs instantaneously.
Thus for all Faults anywhere on T/Lines, both ends clears the faults
instantaneously.
80
Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)
A communications based protection scheme where high

speed over-reaching tripping is allowed unless a block
signal is received.
81
Over-voltage Protection
Grid Station A Grid Station B
59 59
Over Voltage is Detected at At Receiving End, as soon as

Grid A, O/V Relay Trips the DTT Signal is received, both
Local CB and Send DTT the Line Controlling CBs are
Command to Remote end. tripped.
82
Auto Recloser & Synchronism Check Relays
Auto Recloser Relays Both Single Phase & Three Auto Recloser are a way to
are used to give an Phase Reclosing can be enhance system stability
Automatic try to CB for done. by restoring the T/Line.
closing following the NTDC adopts Three Phase
tripping. Tripping & Reclosing.
For Closing on Live Line & Live Bus
AR can be Single Shot or Conditions, Synchronism Check is required.
Multi Shot (2,3,…). Δf = 0.1 Hz.
On EHV T/Lines, AR is ΔV = 10%
normally Single Shot. Δθ = 25 – 30o
Closing Command is sent after fulfilling
above criteria.
83
Line Differential Protection
No fault or external fault, current at each end is balanced

The current going into the line is going out at other end
84
Line Differential Protection
Internal fault, relay trip is processed
85
Bus Differential Protection
Bus Differential: Current into Bus must equal current out of Bus
86
Bus Fault
87
Single bus with XFMR
88
Double bus,
breaker-and-a- half
89
Breaker Failure Protection
If the CB fails to open / NTDC implements Breaker

lockout, on receipt of BF Protection is initiated Failure Protection to cater
Trip Command, this on issuance of trip for these conditions. BF
condition can lead to command from relay. Protection is a 2 stage
dangerous condition for Protection:
power system BF Stage I & BF Stage II
equipment.
BF Stage II issues the trip command to all
feeding CBs at local end & sends to DTT
BF Stage I trips the failed
command to remote end to trip the line
CB. i.e. Re-trip is issued.
controlling CBs at other end. Thus trip all
Time Delay = 150 ms.
the fault feeding sources.
Trip Delay = 250 ms.
90
500 kV T/Line
91
500 kV T/Line
Fault Occurs on the T/Line.
Distance Relays at both

ends sense the fault & give
the tripping command to
their respective CBs.
92
500 kV T/Line
Breaker Fails to Open.
Breaker Failure Stg. I Operates after

150 ms & Re-Trip the failed CB
93
500 kV T/Line
Breaker Still Fails to Open.
Breaker Failure Stg. II Operates after

further 100 ms & send trip signals to
all adjacent CBs.
94
500 kV T/Line
Tripping Signal sent to all

these CBs to isolate the
failed CB & hence, the
fault is cleared.
For Remote End Tripping,

DTT Signal is sent.
95
Shunt Reactor Protection
Shunt reactor Protection
Differential Protection The Primary Protection of

Shunt Reactors are remain stable during 500 kV Shunt Reactor is
installed on 500 kV normal operation & Differential Protection.
Transmission Lines to external fault conditions
avoid High Voltages i.e. Faults outside Shunt
caused due to Ferranti Reactor.
Effect occurring on Long
Transmission Lines.
Multi Slope Differential
Protection Relays are used to
discriminately trip the shunt
reactors even during high fault
current levels.
96
Cross Trip Schemes
X-trip schemes for EHV Lines
Cross Trip Schemes are Normally the below Cross Trip Schemes
used to protect the mentioned Cross Trip ensures healthy operation
NTDC’s EHV system from Schemes have been of EHV System by
tripping on Overload, implemented for 500 kV detecting the Overload /
Under Voltage, Under T/Line: Under Voltage etc. on EHV
Frequency or Over ➢ Overloading Detection by system & tripping the 132
Frequency etc. condition. OC & EF Relays. kV T/Lines or
➢ Under Voltage Detection Transformers.
by Under Voltage Relays. This ensures safe, stable
➢ Under / Over Frequency & reliable operation of
is detected by EHV System.
Under/Over Frequency
Relays respectively.
97
Way Forward
• The Conventional Protection & Control Schemes comprising of
Binary Inputs / Outputs wiring, analog / digital meters & mimic
buses etc. requires high amount of field cabelling & wiring etc.
• The current trend in Substation Control Schemes is to automate
the Substation Control (Substation Automations System) using
the Fiber Optic Communications, Front End Computers & hence
avoids large amount field wiring.
• The Binary Inputs / Outputs have been shifted to fiber optic
communication compliant to IEC 61850 – Worldwide adapted
standard for Communication inside the Substations.
• Front End Computers / Operator Workstation are used to
Monitor & Control the compete substation.
98
Way Forward
GPS Fault Redundant

Clocks Network Printers Recorder Gateways
Station Computers
IEC
61850/62439-3
PRP
Station Bus
All Fiber Optic Based Communication
Volt Level 1 Volt Level 1 Volt Level 2/3 Volt Level 2/3
IEC LAN PRP1A LAN PRP1B LAN PRP2A LAN PRP2B
61850/62439-3
PRP
Bay Level
Communication Bay 1 Bay 1 Control Bay 1 Bay 1 Control Common
Protection IED IED Protection IED IED Control IEDs
99
SAS Concept Diagram
Way Forward
• In Station Bus based Substations, the Relays / Bay Control Units
are connected to Conventional CTs / PTs for measurement of
Currents & Voltages respectively via Copper Cables.
• The latest technology in SAS is to use Merging Units with
Conventional CTs / PTs. Merging Units communicate the
Current / Voltage Signals to Relays / BCUs over communication
network.
• The Communication network formed between Merging Units &
Relays / BCUs is called as Process Bus. Such Substations are
called as Smart Digital Substations. Hence the complete
substation has been digitalized.
• A sample concept diagram of Smart Digital Substations is as
under;
100
Way Forward
e
GPS Fault Redundant

Clocks Network Printers Recorder Gateways
Station Computers
IEC
61850/62439-3
PRP
Station Bus
Volt Level 1 Volt Level 1 Volt Level 2/3 Volt Level 2/3 IEC
LAN PRP1A LAN PRP1B LAN PRP2A LAN PRP2B
61850/62439-3
PRP
Bay 1 Bay 1 Control Bay 1 Bay 1 Control Common Bay Level
IEC Protection IED IED Protection IED IED Control IEDs
Communication
61850/62439-3
PRP
Process Bus High Voltage
Busbar
Copper
1N 1N
1L 1L
Fiber Optic
Merging 2L 1L
Merging 2L 1L
2N 1N 2N 1N
Unit Unit
101
T1
T1
Way Forward
102
QUESTIONS?

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Protection & Control: Current Practices

and Way Forward

Amir Razaq, DM(P&C)

System protection is the art and science of detecting problems

Problems on the power system include:

• Improve system stability

• Minimize damage to equipment

• Protect against overloads

• Protect the public

750kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV

Receives power from transmission system and

Receives power from subtransmission system and

Distribution network-typically 11-66kV

Low voltage (service)-typically 220-400V

• Reliability: System operate properly

1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units

1. Overlap is accomplished by the locations of CTs, the key source

Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B Zone A Relay Zone B Zone B

• Non-dimensioned diagram showing how pieces of electrical

Single Line Diagram AutoCad_RYK.pdf

1. One-line diagram of the system or area involved

765kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV

What can go wrong?

High Side Fuse

• Uses current to determine magnitude of fault

• Relay closest to fault operates first

• Relay closest to fault operates first

• current in = current out

• Note CT polarity dots IP CT-X

• This is an internal fault X

• Slopes (k1, k2)

765kV, 500kV, 220kV, 132kV

FAULTS (Short Circuits)

“Faults come uninvited and seldom go away voluntarily.”

Over Current & Earth Fault Protection Relays

• Relay responds to overcurrent condition in the forward

• Will not respond to reverse faults Compares the current in

• A distance relay measures the impedance of a line using the voltage

• The distance relay (also known as impedance relay) determines the

• Impedance based fault detection

• Reactance based fault detection 61

Fault Locator works on Can also act as

When a fault occurs on a

• Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of fault

• Relay in Zone 1 operates first

• Relay in Zone 1 operates first

Effect of fault/arc resistance

Stable/Unstable Power Swing

Power Swing Measurement

• A protection scheme which employs communications to

• Pilot protection allows over-reaching zones of protection

• DIRECT TRANSFER TRIP (DTT)

• PERMISSIVE (POTT, PUTT)

Direct transfer trip (DTT)

Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) • Over Voltage Protection

Permissive over-reaching transfer trip (POTT)

Permissive Over Reach Transfer Trip (POTT) Preferred on Short T/Lines.

• POTT will trip only faulted line section

Permissive under-reaching transfer trip (PUTT)

Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT) Preferred on Long T/Lines.

Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB)

A communications based protection scheme where high

Grid Station A Grid Station B