Photocatalytic activity and

mechanism of nano-cubic
barium titanate prepared
by a hydrothermal method

The use of nano-cubic barium titanate particles prepared by hydrothermal methods

presents a promising approach for the treatment of dye wastewater. The mechanism
behind the photocatalytic degradation of CV dye is still unclear and is the focus of
this study.

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Introduction to photocatalysis and BaTiO3
Photocatalysis is a process that uses light and a catalyst to transform pollutants into less harmful substances. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a promising material for photocatalytic
applications due to its unique electronic properties and stability under extreme conditions.

Photocatalysis BaTiO3 Hydrothermal Preparation

Photocatalysis is a process for the degradation of
harmful chemicals. Barium titanate can be used as an
effective photocatalyst for the treatment of
wastewater.
Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a ceramic material that
exhibits unique electronic and optical properties. It has
applications in microelectronics, ferroelectricity, and
photocatalysis.
The hydrothermal method involves the use of high-
pressure and high-temperature reaction conditions to
generate nanostructured materials with enhanced
properties compared to traditional synthesis
approaches.
Experimental procedure and analysis
The study used a variety of instruments to characterize the nano-cubic BaTiO3 particles and measure their photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic process involved the use of UV light and the
chloride salt of crystal violet (CV) dye.

1 Materials and preparation of photocatalyst

CH3COONH4 HNO3 Acetone

Chloride salt of crystal violet P25-TiO2 80% anatase, Ba(OH)2• 8H2O NaOH
20% rutile; particle
size, ca. 20–30 nm

CH3OH Deionized water

0.35 g Ba(OH)2 •8H2O.

0.1 g P25-TiO2 heated to 100 °C

(or 130 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C)
for 24 h (or 48 h, 72 h).
10 mL NaOH
aqueous solution
(1, 3, 5, and 10 M)
BaTiO3 Filtered and finally dried in air at 60 °C.
Teflon-lined autoclave
(capacity: 23 mL)
Experimental procedure and analysis

2 Instruments and characterization

Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),
High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (HR-XPS)
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)
specific surface area measurement
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy
provided information about the elemental composition, crystal structure, surface morphology, specific surface area, functional groups, and optical properties of the catalysts.

3 Photocatalytic procedure and analysis

The dye and catalyst were mixed in the dark for 30
minutes to establish equilibrium, then irradiated
Aqueous suspensions of CV with UV lamps for specific time intervals.
(100 mL, 10 ppm) and catalyst irradiated for a certain amount of time, and at
powders given time intervals, 5 mL samples of the solution
are collected.
The pH value adjusted by the
addition of either NaOH or HNO3.
Results and discussion
Results and discussion
Results and discussion
The study looked at the effects of various factors on the photocatalytic activity and mechanism of the nano-cubic BaTiO3 particles.

NaOH concentration Synthesis duration Influence of synthesis temperature

ranging from 24 to 48 hours at 130°C [NaOH] = 5 M .
increase in NaOH concentration, the chance of BaTiO3 was synthesized at different
increase in reaction time from 24 to 72 hours, the
forming a new nucleus by Ti(OH)x4-x increases, temperatures (100, 130, 150, and 180 C) and
sharpness and cubic size increased, indicating an
leading to an increase in the particle size of BaTiO3 The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles
increase in the crystallinity of the cubic phase with an
higher concentrations of NaOH lead to the was highest for BaTiO3 prepared at 130 °C, with
increase in the particle size of BaTiO3.
agglomeration of BaTiO3 nanoparticles, which a 99% efficiency in degrading CV.
promotes the growth of the cubic phase.

pH

Photocatalytic efficiency was recorded under UV (365 nm) irradiation, which yielded 95.5%, 52.3%, and 98.6% for the BA-5-48-130 photocatalysts at pH = 5, 7, 9,
respectively.
Conclusions
Nano-cubic BaTiO3 particles were synthesized using hydrothermal methods, and their aggregation process was controlled by temperature,
concentration, and the addition of NaOH, resulting in particles with controlled size and shape
BA-5-48-130 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, and the photocatalytic degradation of CV dye on BaTiO3

Strengths Weaknesses

• Enhanced photocatalytic activity • Relatively high cost

• Unique electronic properties • Challenges associated with large-scale production

Fabrication of BaTiO3 nanoparticles and its formation
mechanism using the high temperature mixing method under
hydrothermal conditions

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 Experimental Methods different Ba:Ti molar ratios 2 ml
0.9 to 1.4,

2M 1.91 ml
Synthesis

mixed at room temperature Barium acetate Titanium(IV) isopropoxide

((CH3COO)2Ba)
KOH
overnight
mixed at 160 ° C hydrolysis reaction

KOH ranging from 2 M to 5 M.

After cooling down to
room temperature,
finally dried at The two
70 °C for 24 chambers are
hours in a heated to 160 °C
vacuum oven
9ml 9ml
 Results and discussion
The influence of Ba/Ti molar ratio on the final products
.
 Results and discussion
influence of reaction time on the final products
.
Z

Results and discussion

.
Conclusions
Nano-cubic BaTiO3 particles were synthesized using hydrothermal methods, and their aggregation process was controlled by temperature,
concentration, and the addition of NaOH, resulting in particles with controlled size and shape
BA-5-48-130 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, and the photocatalytic degradation of CV dye on BaTiO3

Strengths Weaknesses

• Enhanced photocatalytic activity • Relatively high cost

• Unique electronic properties • Challenges associated with large-scale production