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Empowering Generation

Midwifery EDUCATIN AND CURRICULUM

DEVELOPMENT

philosophical foundation of Education 09/09/2023

ELIAS B. (Bsc, Msc/Maternity)

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09/09/2023

Outline
Objectives
Terms
Philosophy in education
Summary
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Objective
09/09/2023

At the end this session students will be able to

1. Define learning, education, training ,teaching and
development
2. Discuss philosophy in education
Education 09/09/2023

Definition
Education is derived from a Latin word “ Educere” which
means draw out – from the student
In general sense, it is a form of learning in which the
knowledge , skills , values , beliefs  and habits of a group of
people are transferred from one generation to the next
through story telling, discussion, teaching, training, and or
research.
The process of imparting general knowledge, developing
the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of
preparing oneself for mature life. 4
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Education 09/09/2023

• Activities which aim at developing the knowledge,

skills, moral values and understanding required in
all aspects of life rather than knowledge and
skill relating to only a limited field of activity
• Process by which human transmits their
experiences, new findings, and values accumulated
over the years, in their struggle for survival, and
development, through generations MOE (1994):
Aims of education 09/09/2023

To foster the individual's inner freedom and

development towards self-initiated action and

acceptance of responsibility , intelligent decision

making, critical learning and evaluation of others,

intelligent and flexible adaptation to new situations.

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Purpose of education/educating 09/09/2023

To create an effective work force(to prepare students

for a job)
To socialize into active citizenship (to promote a
social or political system).
To contribute to the economy
To sort students efficiently according to their talents
and interests.

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 Types of education 09/09/2023

1. Formal education
2. Non formal education
3. Informal education

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Types of education 09/09/2023

1. Formal education
Corresponds to a systematic, organized education
model, structured and administered according to a
given set of laws and norms,
Formal education institutions are administratively,
physically and curricular organized and require
from students a minimum classroom attendance.

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 Formal education 09/09/2023

Characterized by a contiguous education which

necessarily involves the teacher, the students and the
institution.
Involving intermediate and final assessments in
order to advance students to the next learning stage.
It confers degrees and diplomas pursuant to a quite
strict set of regulations.

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Types of education 09/09/2023

2. Non formal education

Formal education has a well-defined set of features.
Whenever one or more of these is absent, it is stated
that the educational process has acquired non-formal
features.
Not presential (non-contiguous communication)

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Non formal education#2 09/09/2023

Does not require student attendance, decreases the

contacts between teacher and student and most
activities take place outside the institution.
Example: “distance learning” and “open systems”,
fall within the scope of non-formal education.

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 Non formal education#3 09/09/2023

Distance Learning:
Teaching is conducted through print, mechanical or
electronic devices.”
Learning is based on non-contiguous communication
that is, “the learner is at a distance from the teacher
for most or even all the time during the teaching
learning process”.

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Non formal education#4 09/09/2023

Three universally accepted features of distance

learning are as follows:

It is based on non-contiguous communication,

A pre-produced course, as self-instructional as

possible, printed or by other means (audio or video-

tapes, radio or TV programmes, etc.) guides the study.

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 Non formal education#5 09/09/2023

Organized non-contiguous two-way communication

is a constitutive element of distance study.
Open education: the modern use of
electronic educational technology  (also called e-
learning)

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3. Informal education 09/09/2023

Occurs through daily interactions and shared

relationships among members of society.

Usually takes place outside educational

 establishments,

Does not follow a specified curriculum .

It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically

conscious, systematic and according to subjects.

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Informal education#2 09/09/2023

It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of

everyday life and is often spontaneous.
No control over the performed activities,
Does not of necessity regard the providing of
degrees or diplomas
It merely supplements both formal and non-formal
education.

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Informal education 09/09/2023

Informal education comprises the following activities:

Listening to radio broadcasting or watching TV

programmes on educational or scientific themes;

Reading texts on sciences, education, technology, etc.

in journals and magazines;

Participating in scientific contests etc.

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Training 09/09/2023

• Planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill

behavior through a learning experience to achieve
effective performance in any activity or range of activities
• Characterized as an instructor-led, content-based
intervention leading to desired changes in behavior
• Endeavors to impart knowledge, skills and attitudes
necessary to perform job-related tasks
• Aims to improve job performance in a direct way
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Learning 09/09/2023

• Process that encompasses training as well as

education
• Self -directed , work-based process leading to
increased adaptive capacity
• An ongoing, lifelong journey that may not always be
clearly planned or even intentional
• Knowing something that you not know before
(insights and realizations as well as facts) and/or
doing something that you could not do before (skills)
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Learning.... 09/09/2023

• A change in behaviour, perceptions, insights,

attitudes, or any combination of these that can
be repeated when the need is aroused.
• Takes place in each person’s head
• People learn for themselves; no one can
do it for them
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09/09/2023

Learning :
Learning: is a process resulting in some
modification, (relatively /permanent), in the way
of thinking, feeling, and doing.
It includes words such as “education” and
“training”.
Training usually means learning to act or behave
in a certain way and specific job skills.
It usually puts less emphasis on general thinking
or knowledge than “education” does.
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Characteristics of Learning 09/09/2023

Learning is Unitary: The learners respond as a

"whole person" in a unified way to the whole situation
(They respond intellectually, emotionally, physically and
spiritually simultaneously). Learner’s total reaction is
coordinated and integrated toward achievement of the
goals.
Learning is individual and Social:
Learning is social- transferring knowledge
Each learner is unique- who has needs and
problems not exactly like others.
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09/09/2023

 Thus expecting all students to receive similar

load with equal time and the same degree of
perfection does not conform to the characteristics
of learning.
 Learning is Self-active: This principle states
that a student learns through his/her own
activities; includes listening, visualizing, recalling,
memorizing, reasoning, judgment and thinking;
which is personal process.
 Learning is Purposive: - Learning is moving
toward a goal or end result. It is a goal directed.
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09/09/2023

The more explicit and definite the goal is, the more
important and worthwhile is to the learner.
Learning experience are meaningful when they are
related to the individual's interest; involved in
his/her living; enabled him/her to make more
intelligent adjustment in the future; and, involved
with problem solving.
Learning is Creative: learning is not merely a
summing up of previous knowledge and
experience; it is synthesis of all the knowledge and
the experience of the learner.
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09/09/2023

 Learning is Transferable: means that whatever

is learned in one context will also apply in
another context. Ex. the principle of aseptic
technique learned in the microbiology will also
be applied to many sterile procedures in the
clinical areas.
Reflection, Problem solving technique and
discussion methods will help mostly in the
learning approach of transferring knowledge.
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Steps in learning 09/09/2023

▫ Observation
▫ Listening, touching/tasting
▫ Start Speak: why & how
▫ Repeat the action
▫ Ask parents to observe
Important lessons
 Told is mostly forgotten
 Demonstrated is over half forgotten
 Doing is less forgotten
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Factors affecting learning 09/09/2023

▫ Physiological
▫ Psychological
▫ Environmental
▫ Methodological
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Physiological 09/09/2023

▫ Sense perception
▫ Physical health
▫ Fatigue (mental or physical exhaustion)
▫ Time of learning
▫ Food and drink
▫ Atmospheric conditions
▫ Age
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09/09/2023

Reading assignment

▫ Psychological
▫ Environmental
▫ Methodological
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Development 09/09/2023

• A long-term process designed to enhance potential and

effectiveness
• The growth or realisation of a person’s ability, through
learning, often from planned study and experience.’
• Encompass a wide range of activities, including coaching
and more formal educational commitments and
experiences
• Encompass a wider scope than ‘learning’ or ‘training
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Learning VS Training VS education VS 09/09/2023

development
Learning
Training Development
Education

Process of
•Learning
• Knowing
•learning •Thinking
• Realizing • Learning
by •Doing
• Sighting
by doing •Feeling
• Doing thinking
•Growing..
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Teaching 09/09/2023

• Teaching- is an interaction between a teacher and

students in order to bring behavioral changes
• The conscious manipulation of the students’
environment in a way that allows their
activities to contribute to their development
as people and professional.
• Helping students acquire information, ideas,
skills, values, ways of thinking, and means of
expressing themselves
 Teaching 09/09/2023

Teaching can be thought of as consisting of three

distinct aspects, namely:-

1. Planning,
2. Interaction and
3. Assessment.

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Teaching 09/09/2023

Planning:, teachers design learning experiences and

activities in which the learners will be involved.
Interaction :refers to what takes place between the
teacher and the learners to realize the learner’s
potential for cognitive development.
Assessment: The teacher assesses each learning
experience.

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Teaching Approaches
09/09/2023

 Talk to students - presentation

 Talk with students - discussion
 Have them talk together - discussion
 Show students how to do things - demonstrate
 Provide opportunities for practice – re-
demonstrate
 Supervise them - evaluate
 Develop attitudes - achievement
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Effective/excellent teaching: 09/09/2023

• Good teaching that supports learning

• Systematic , stimulating and caring
• Equated with successful teaching and appropriate
values.
• Based on deliberately selected values and ideas
• Praxis
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Praxis 09/09/2023

• Thoughtful reflection and action that occur in

synchrony, in the direction of transforming the
world
• A circular, ongoing process in which you
1. examine the underlying ideas you wish to put
into practice
2. Putting your approach in the classroom and
put it into practice
3. examine what actually happened in light of
your ideas
4. Refine your ideas and adjust your practice,
• Then move through the cycle again
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midwifery Education and Models of Teaching

Foundations For Educating Health Care Providers

09/09/2023
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09/09/2023

Outline
Objectives
Guiding principles of educating healthcare
providers
Core competencies
Effective approaches to teaching and learning
Challenges in educating healthcare providers
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Objectives
09/09/2023

At the end this session students will be able to

1. Describe the guiding principles of educating healthcare
providers
2. Define core competencies
3. Recognize effective approaches to teaching and learning
4. List the challenges in educating healthcare providers
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The guiding principles of educating healthcare
09/09/2023

providers

• What determines health care and health

status in a country?
Social ,environmental, cultural, political and

economic realities.
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING
AND TEACHING
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING

Teaching:
Teaching is an interaction between a teacher and
students under the teacher’s responsibility in-order to
bring about expected behavioral changes.
Purposes of Teaching: To help students to:
▫ Acquire, retain and be able to use knowledge.
▫ Understand, analyze, synthesize and evaluate
▫ Achieve skills
▫ Establish and Develop habits and attitudes
 Guiding Principles 09/09/2023

The education of healthcare

providers must:
▫ Address the priority health
needs and problems within
a society,

▫ Identify national policies,

guidelines, and standards
that are relevant to those
needs and problems,

▫ Define the expected role of

healthcare providers.
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Provider Roles
Education should prepare providers to function as:
▫ Caregivers
▫ Decision-makers
▫ Communicators
▫ Community leaders
▫ Managers/leader
▫ Researcher
▫ Educator
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Professional Development Continuum 09/09/2023

• Begins with undergraduate education

• Continues throughout professional practice
• Includes in-service training and/or continuing
education
• Providers should be life-long learners
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Academic Program 09/09/2023

• A series of courses that have both theoretical and

practical components and are designed to prepare
students as a specific category of healthcare provider.
• Academic programs typically involve several years of
study, to allow time and opportunities for students to
develop essential competencies that encompass essential
knowledge, skills, values, and behaviors.
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Core Competencies 09/09/2023

• Aspects of a subject or discipline that are common to all

students, essential to practice, and essential to master in
order to graduate from an academic program and enter
into practice. Statement of Intent
• Each core competency for an academic program will
encompass cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills)
and affective (values and behaviors) domains that are
observable and can be appraised.
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Defining Core Competencies

• What is the job description for the position the student may
hold after graduation?
• What knowledge, skills, and attitudes are experienced
health professionals in that care applying in the workplace?
• What are the licensing requirements in the related field?
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Core Competencies
• Core or essential competencies determine the
content, teaching methods, materials and
student assessment strategies needed for an
individual course.
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09/09/2023

Core Competencies
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09/09/2023

Effective approach to teaching & Learning

• Need based :-students are ready and want to learn.

• Step-by-step approach :moving from simple to
complex in organized, logical, & practical manner
• Using variety of teaching methods and techniques
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Challenges in teaching 09/09/2023

• Student number
• Staff number and capacity
• Availability of teaching learning resources
• practical area suitability
• High turnover of teaching staff
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09/09/2023

Summary

• Students should be aware of the core competencies they

will develop within courses in the curriculum.

• Teachers should participate in a faculty development

program to develop teaching competencies.
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09/09/2023

Quiz
• Write down the difference b/n profession and
occupation ?
• List teaching approach
• Write challenges of teaching ?
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09/09/2023
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Summary 09/09/2023

1. Define learning, education, training ,teaching

and development
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09/09/2023
 History of midwifery profession
• It traced back to the palaeolithinic era (40,000 B.C)
• Formerly, midwives did not undergo any formal
education but they were women who had experiences
as far as childbirth was concerned
• In ancient times, midwifery had both technical and
magical aspects.
• During the 15th and 16th century, midwives were burnt
because of the people’s perception of them as being
companions of the devil.
Continued ….
• In Genesis 35:17 of the bible, the midwife was
mentioned as someone who helped Rachel, when
she was in labour.
• In early Greeks and Roman times midwives were
the caregivers to women during their monthly cycle.
• Midwives used herbs and potions routinely before
the discovery of modern day medicine.
In Ethiopia
• The first formal midwifery training began in 1954
with post-basic training for nurses in midwifery at
Gondar Hospital
• Following this a midwifery school was opened at
Princess Tsehay Hospital by Dr Catherine and Dr
Hamlin in 1959.
• The Addis Ababa Midwifery School was opened in
1986 with the support of the Swedish International
Development Agency.
Continued ….
• In 2000, the University of Gondar became the first
institute to offer a Bachelor of Science Degree in
midwifery.
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Midwifery Education and Models of Teaching

foundation for nursing education

09/09/2023
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09/09/2023

Objective
To introduce foundations of nursing education
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09/09/2023

Foundations of midwifery education

• Experience
• Research
• It exist, not in vacuum
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Profession VS professionalism 09/09/2023

Profession
An occupation that requires
Extensive education
Special knowledge
Skill
Preparation

Professionalization
Process of becoming professional
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09/09/2023

Midwifery/ Nurse as profession


Began with a genuine desire to serve and care for others,

combined with a sense of compassion and commitment

Essence of nursing /Midwifery


Unconditional love for mankind

Calling as a nurse

Difficult to describe in words.


Nothing as fulfilling or rewarding


An honor – a profession of the highest realm
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Criteria for professions 09/09/2023

1.Abody of knowledge on which skills and services are

based
An ability to deliver a unique service to other humans
2.

Standardized
3. Education based in colleges and
universities
Control of standards for practice
4.

Career commitment by members

5.

Responsibility and accountability of members for their

6.
own actions
Independent functions
7.

An active and solid professional organization

8.

Recognized social worth and contribution

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Professions vs. Occupations
Professions
 College or University
 Prolonged education
 Mental creativity
 Decisions based on science or
theoretical constructs
 Values, beliefs & ethics
integral part of preparation
 Strong commitment
 Autonomous
 Unlikely to change
professions
 Commitment greater than $
reward
 Individual accountability
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09/09/2023
Occupations
 On the job training
 Length varies
 Largely manual work
 Guided decision making
 Values, beliefs & ethics not
part of preparation
 Commitment may vary
 Supervised
 Often change jobs
 Motivated by $ reward
 Employer is primarily
accountable
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Nursing /midwifery science 09/09/2023

Science
A unified body of knowledge about phenomena
that is supported by evidence
Activity that combines research and theory
(Meleis,1999 )
Science = Research + Theory( Powers and
Knapp,1995)
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Nursing/midwifery science 09/09/2023

Body of knowledge dealing with human, health,

and environment
Comprises paradigms, frame works, and theories

Has both practical and theoretical aspects

Its development challenged by history